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AERONAVA : BOEING 737 |
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Знайдено пропавший Boeing с 239 людьми на борту: сенсаційне фото облетіло весь світ |
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Letadlo s Čechy domů nedoletělo: Boeing mířící do Prahy měl nehodu! |
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Ева пилот двухпалубного Boeing 747 |
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Brasil aprueba alianza Boeing-Embraer |
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Gobierno de Brasil aprueba acuerdo entre Boeing y Embraer |
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Brazil’s Bolsonaro Gives Go Ahead for Boeing-Embraer Deal |
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The Boeing Company |
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Airbus entrega 800 aviones y Boeing 806 en 2018 |
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ATLASGLOBAL BOEING 737-800 WINGLETS OPB SOMON AIR FS9 |
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Albawings Boeing 737-500 FS9 |
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Marcos Pontes diz que fusão de Embraer e Boeing preserva interesses do país |
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Fuerza Aérea de EE UU aprueba entrega del primer Boeing KC-46A… |
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Brazil president approves Boeing-Embraer deal |
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В Шереметьево из-за выкатившегося за пределы полосы Boeing задержали более 30 рейсов |
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Boeing presenta nuevo diseño de ala transónica |
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Το απίστευτο καμουφλάζ του εργοστασίου της Boeing στον Β’ παγκόσμιο πόλεμο |
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Boeing y Airbus podrían violar la patente española de NitroFirex |
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Boeing Vertol CH 46 Sea Knight 3D Model |
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Albawings Boeing 737-500 FSX |
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Smart Travel Assistant Boeing |
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Boeing to develop unmanned refueling drones for US Navy |
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Boeing Uses Deceptive Social Media To Grab Your Browsing Data |
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Boeing 737 Type Rating for aircraft maintenance technician |
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Fuerza Aérea de EE UU aprueba entrega del primer Boeing KC-46A Pegasus Tanker |
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Como é voar com a Nok Air da Tailândia no Boeing 737-800 |
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Air Vanuatu Welkams it’s new Boeing 737-800 Feb 1 2016 |
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New International Routes for United’s Boeing 787-10 Dreamliner |
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Boeing ve Airbus’a Çinli Rakip |
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Boeing ELG Carbon Fibre Find New Life for Airplane Structure Material in Groundbreaking Partnership |
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Схема салона Boeing 757-200 — I Fly |
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Mitsubishi: Nuestro acuerdo con Boeing continua |
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Boeing Jet Airliners |
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For the FSX AI Bureau Boeing 767-300 RR Model |
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For the FSX AI Bureau Boeing 767-200 PW Model |
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Airbus poised to out-deliver Boeing in 2019 |
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Самые большие водопады мира расположены в вертолет Sikorsky/Boeing SB 1 Defiant с двумя винтами |
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Boeing і SpaceX планують доставляти астронавтів на МКС з 2019 року |
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Pan Am Boeing 737-200 |
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Informazioni Simulator Boeing – Apk Download – ITA |
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Boeing 777 assemblage de la Tesla Model 3 Nissan Audi et Valeo au CES Le top 3 des vidéos de la semaine |
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¿Eres consciente del poder de tu mente 10 maneras de atraer la riqueza y la abundancia usando el poder de tu mesa de conferencia hecha de una turbina de un Boeing 747 “JUMBO JET” por MotoArt |
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Guinea Airlines recrute commandants de bord pour les avions Q-400 et Boeing 737 NG Avis |
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Embraer Soars in Sao Paulo as Bolsonaro Approves Boeing Deal |
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Серийное производство российского “убийцы” Airbus и Boeing МС-21 откладывается |
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kulula’s official ridiculously posh new boeing launch |
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Cathay Pacific Boeing 777-300 LANDING at Hong Kong Airport HKG |
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Governo decide não vetar acordo entre Embraer e Boeing |
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Informe final: Boeing 737-800 Ryanair que entró en pérdida sobre el… |
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Uçakların Hız Rekorları – Boeing |
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Army to get 6 new Boeing Apache attack helicopters |
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Boeing se impone a Airbus |
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Conociendo el Boeing 787 Dreamliner de Aeroméxico |
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China Eastern Boeing 787-9 |
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X-Plane 11 Southwest Airlines City Hopper Boeing 737-800 |
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Gobierno de Brasil aprueba acuerdo Boeing-Embraer |
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QANTAS Boeing 747-400 OC Fleet |
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Restoran Boeing |
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Video: First Boeing 777X Final Body Join – First Flight in 2019 |
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Did you see this Video: Boeing’s Reaction on Delta Ordering A220-CSeries – So Funny!!! |
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Trip report: Thai Airways Boeing 747 First Class Bangkok to Munich |
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Boeing 737 accidentado en la isla de San Andrés Colombia ¿Rayo o Wind shear |
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Boeing Job Posting For Engineers – wwwboeingcom |
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KLM Cargo Boeing 747-400F – Nils |
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Air Europa Boeing 787-8 UTT |
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Boeing/Sikorsky SB-1 Defiant America’s new fastest military Helicopter |
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Brazilian Government approves the deal between Embraer and Boeing… |
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KLM Boeing 737-700 – Nils |
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Versandkostenfreie Lieferung innerhalb Deutschlands ab 50 Euro Bestellwert von lieferbaren Artikeln Wechselnde Angebote in allen gängigen Maßstäben! Neu amp heiß begehrt!Insgesamt 236 Artikel neue amp geänderte zuerstAuf dieser Seite: Suchergebnisse 1 bis 30 von insgesamt 236 Ergebnissen 12345678 SFJ5003 Starflyer Airbus A-320 mit/with SharkletsJA24MCExclusive Edition Japan! 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KLM Boeing 777-300ER – Nils |
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Boeing Sets New Airplane Delivery Records Expands Order Backlog |
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Royal Air Maroc accueille le premier Boeing 787-9 à moteur sur la politique monétaire de septembre 2018 |
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RESTORAN BOEING |
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WestJet Boeing 737-900 |
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Virgin Australia Boeing 737-800w |
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За несколько минут до смерти: пассажир Boeing отправил селфи жене перед авиакатастрофой Video |
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Boeing 737 Max Test Flight |
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ΠΕΝΤΑΓΩΝΟ: Άρχισαν “όργανα” με το F-35 της Lockheed Martin από υπουργό πρώην στέλεχος της Boeing! |
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Boeing впевнений що зможе обігнати SpaceX на шляху освоєння Марса |
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Como a asa dobrável do Boeing 777X vai se comportar em um aeroporto |
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Search the MVN’s Boeing 757 Website: |
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10 Favorite Things about Boeing 727 |
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Boeing модернізує гелікоптери Apache |
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Boeing and Airbus achieve 800 deliveries for 2018 |
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Now as an independent subsidiary of Boeing Aurora’s innovation is combined with Boeing’s size and strength creating an unprecedented opportunity to disrupt the future of aerospace |
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What Happened to Saha Air’s Boeing 707s |
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Първа доставка на Boeing 737 MAX Business Jet |
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Boeing Uninterruptible Autopilot |
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Boeing Approved Tapes: |
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KLM Boeing 777-200 – Nils |
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Boeing kept airlines and pilots in the dark about an automated background trim system on the 737 MAX |
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Boeing begins construction on its first European production facility in Sheffield |
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Пассажирский Boeing укатился со взлетной полосы в Шереметьево |
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Airbus – Boeing Spotting |
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TUI UK Airways Boeing 737 MAX 8 |
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Samoa Airways Boeing 737-800WL |
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Second brand-new Boeing 737 to the Chinese carrier delivered by AviaAM Leasing’s Joint Venture |
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Airbus holds 56 share of backlogs vs Boeing |
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Boeing патентує систему захисту GPS-навігації на блокчейні |
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Boeing 737-NGV |
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Pal Hajs TV – 68 – Lot Boeingiem 737 |
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Conselho da Embraer ratifica acordo com norte-americana Boeing |
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• Marcos Pontes: fusão de Embraer e Boeing preserva interesses do país |
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Governo não vai se opor a acordo entre Embraer e Boeing |
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Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 787-9 FSP |
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Boeing 787 Dreamliner Kazaları |
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Flight Simulator Boeing |
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Conselho da Embraer dá aval para transferência de ativos com Boeing |
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2018 deliveries: Airbus leads Single Aisle Boeing Widebody and Freighters |
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Same aircraft family different hands: Boeing 737NG flown by the Air Force and an airline |
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AviaAM Leasing consults business-carrier on acquisition and reconfiguration of three Boeing 737-500 |
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Virgin Orbit прикріпила ракету-носій до модифікованого Boeing 747 |
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Boeing 777 Detail Sheet |
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Air India Takes Delivery Of 125th Boeing Airplane |
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Atran Air Boeing 737-400F |
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50 Years in the air – Boeing 747 Slide Show |
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Avião ligeiro com oito pessoas a bordo da Embraer ratificou termos da parceria estratégica com a Boeing |
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Boliviana de Aviacion Boeing 737-300 Fleet |
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Spanish army to get complete helicopter fleet upgrade from Boeing |
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Boeing Unveils Refined Truss-Braced-Wing Airliner Concept 14 |
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Boeing announces new Aerospace amp Autonomy Center operated by Aurora Flight Sciences |
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Boeing 757 PW2000 Sound Pack for FSX/P3D |
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Boeing 757 photo album |
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Sindicatos vão a Brasília exigir veto à ‘entrega’ da Embraer para a Boeing |
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SkyUp Airlines Boeing 737-800W |
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Singapore Boeing 777-300ER |
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Governo decide não exercer poder de veto e abre caminho para aliança entre Boeing e Embraer |
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Condor Flugdienst Boeing 757-300w |
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Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner của Bamboo Airways |
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Brasil aprueba la fusión entre Boeing y Embraer |
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– J Garzon AviallA Boeing Company |
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Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System JPATS Boeing 737-400 |
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Hotel 727 Boeing Ak vás už nebavia obyčajné hotely tak toto je presne pre vás Je |
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BIG BLOW FOR AIRBUS! VISTARA SET TO ORDER SIX AIRPLANES FROM BOEING |
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K nehodě Boeingu 737-900 společnosti SmartWings došlo při stratu z ranveje na letišti Šeremetěvo v Rusku… |
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Boliviana de Aviacion Boeing 737-700 |
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Boeing Pulled out of two Canadian Aircraft Factories |
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Boeing and JetBlue Invested in a Electric-Jet to Revolutionize Air Travel |
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Flair Airlines Boeing 737-400 Fleet 2018 |
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Boeing inks pact with HAL Mahindra to make F/A-18 Super Hornet fighter jet in India |
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KLM Boeing 737-900 – Nils |
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Boeing establece nuevo récord de entregas |
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Conselho da Embraer ratifica acordo com a Boeing |
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Spicejet Boosts Its Boeing Order To 205 Aircraft Biggest From India |
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Boeing Türkiye Mühendislik ve Teknoloji Merkezi |
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X-Plane 11 Trans European Fictional Boeing 737-800 |
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Boeing-737 выкатился за пределы ВПП в аэропорту Шереметьево |
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Bolsonaro autoriza fusão entre Embraer e Boeing: soberania p |
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Air India launched Boeing 777 flights from Chennai to Delhi |
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The very strange mystery of the missing Boeing 727-223 |
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FSX SCVA Boeing 737-800WL |
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Lion Air Boeing 737 MAX 8 |
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Nigeria’s Green Africa Airways Orders 100 Boeing… |
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Juneyao Airline Boeing 787-9 |
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Air Canada Boeing 737 MAX 8 |
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Cómo es el menú de Club Economy en Aerolíneas Argentinas Vuelo a Punta a Cana en Boeing 737 MAX 8 |
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Ethiopian Airlines Boeing 787-8 |
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Although the subject matter is pretty narrowly focused I try to cover it comprehensively and in detail mostly based upon my own personal experiences I’m retired after working for Boeing for over 30 years and have loved airplanes for more than 50 I also like trains and boats and well a whole lot of other stuff |
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Boeing 777 Wallpaper 1920×1080 |
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Boeing Forecasts Greatest Demand for Pilots Technicians Cabin Crew in Asia Pacific Region : Boeing |
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KLM Boeing 787-9 – Nils |
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Boeing Engineering Intern Program – Apply by February 17 2019 |
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SpiceJet to diversify into freighter service with modified Boeing 737 |
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History – Os 50 anos do icônico Boeing 747 |
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Brazil OKs Boeing Embraer JV |
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What Do The Last Three Digits Of Airbus amp Boeing mean |
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Boeing / Amazon / News |
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Vídeo: Como é voar com a Ethiopian Airlines no Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner |
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Boeing 787’nin Kokpit Camları Neden |
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Boeing expects it to become the third-largest commercial aviation market by the early 2020s |
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Royal Air Maroc réceptionne son premier Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner |
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Vistara to acquire six Boeing 787s |
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Air Europa Boeing 787-9 UTT |
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Thành phần chỉnh sửa 19659092 Chiếc dù được làm bằng hai loại vải bền nhẹ: polyester và nylon Một cầu nối ba làm bằng Kevlar kết nối chiếc dù với vỏ sau Lượng không gian có sẵn trên tàu vũ trụ cho chiếc dù nhỏ đến mức chiếc dù phải được đóng gói áp lực Trước khi ra mắt một đội đã gấp chặt 48 đường treo ba đường cầu và dù Đội nhảy dù đã tải chiếc dù theo một cấu trúc đặc biệt sau đó áp dụng một trọng lượng nặng cho gói dù nhiều lần Trước khi đặt chiếc dù vào phía sau chiếc dù đã được thiết lập nhiệt để khử trùng nó 45 Các hệ thống được kết nối chỉnh sửa Việc hạ xuống bị dừng lại bởi retrorockets và hạ cánh bị rơi xuống 10 m 33 ft đến bề mặt trong máy tính này tạo ra ấn tượng Zylon Bridles : Sau khi chiếc dù được triển khai ở độ cao khoảng 10 km 62 mi so với bề mặt tản nhiệt được giải phóng bằng cách sử dụng 6 lần phân tách đai ốc và lò xo đẩy Tàu đổ bộ sau đó tách ra khỏi vỏ và rách xuống một băng kim loại trên hệ thống phanh ly tâm được chế tạo thành một trong những cánh hoa của tàu đổ bộ Việc hạ xuống băng kim loại chậm chạp đặt tàu đổ bộ vào vị trí ở cuối một cây cầu khác dây buộc được làm bằng một Zylon bện dài gần 20 m 66 ft 45 Zylon là một vật liệu sợi tiên tiến tương tự như Kevlar được may theo mô hình mạng như vật liệu dây giày để làm cho nó mạnh hơn Cầu Zylon cung cấp không gian để triển khai túi khí khoảng cách từ luồng khí thải của động cơ tên lửa rắn và tăng độ ổn định Cầu kết hợp với một dây nịt điện cho phép bắn các tên lửa rắn từ vỏ sau cũng như cung cấp dữ liệu từ đơn vị đo lường quán tính phía sau đo tốc độ và độ nghiêng của tàu vũ trụ cho máy tính bay trong máy bay 45 Động cơ tên lửa hỗ trợ tên lửa RAD : Vì mật độ khí quyển của Sao Hỏa nhỏ hơn 1 so với Trái đất chỉ riêng chiếc dù không thể làm chậm chiếc tàu thám hiểm sao Hỏa đủ để đảm bảo tốc độ hạ cánh an toàn thấp Hậu duệ của tàu vũ trụ được hỗ trợ bởi các tên lửa đưa tàu vũ trụ đến điểm dừng 10 điểm1515 33 Lời49 ft trên bề mặt sao Hỏa 45 Đơn vị đo độ cao radar : Một đơn vị đo độ cao radar đã được sử dụng để xác định khoảng cách đến bề mặt sao Hỏa Ăng-ten của radar được gắn ở một trong các góc dưới của tứ diện tàu đổ bộ Khi đo radar cho thấy tàu đổ bộ có khoảng cách chính xác so với bề mặt cầu Zylon bị cắt giải phóng tàu đổ bộ khỏi dù và quay lại để nó được tự do và rõ ràng khi hạ cánh Dữ liệu radar cũng cho phép trình tự thời gian về lạm phát túi khí và bắn tên lửa RAD 45 Túi khí chỉnh sửa Khái niệm túi khí thổi phồng của nghệ sĩ Nhiệm vụ của Rover là cùng loại với Mars Pathfinder được sử dụng vào năm 1997 Chúng phải đủ mạnh để đệm tàu vũ trụ nếu nó đáp xuống đá hoặc địa hình gồ ghề và cho phép nó bay qua bề mặt Sao Hỏa ở tốc độ cao tốc khoảng 100 km / h Sau khi hạ cánh Các túi khí phải được bơm căng vài giây trước khi chạm xuống và xì hơi một lần an toàn trên mặt đất Túi khí được làm bằng Vectran giống như trên Pathfinder Vectran có sức mạnh gần gấp đôi so với các vật liệu tổng hợp khác như Kevlar và hoạt động tốt hơn ở nhiệt độ lạnh Sáu lớp Vectran 100 denier 10 mg / m được bảo vệ một hoặc hai lớp bên trong của Vectran trong 200 denier 20 mg / m Sử dụng 100 denier 10 mg / m để lại nhiều vải hơn ở các lớp bên ngoài nơi cần thiết bởi vì có nhiều sợi hơn trong dệt Mỗi rover sử dụng bốn túi khí với sáu thùy mỗi cái tất cả đều được kết nối Kết nối rất quan trọng vì nó giúp giảm bớt một số lực lượng đổ bộ bằng cách giữ cho hệ thống túi linh hoạt và đáp ứng với áp lực mặt đất Các túi khí không được gắn trực tiếp vào động cơ nhưng được giữ bằng dây thừng xuyên qua cấu trúc túi Các sợi dây đã cho hình dạng túi làm cho lạm phát dễ dàng hơn Trong khi đang bay những chiếc túi được xếp cùng với ba máy phát khí được sử dụng cho lạm phát Lander chỉnh sửa Mở cánh hoa MER Courtesy NASA / JPL-Caltech Tàu đổ bộ tàu vũ trụ là vỏ bảo vệ và cùng với túi khí bảo vệ nó khỏi các lực tác động Tàu đổ bộ có hình tứ diện có các cạnh mở ra như cánh hoa Nó mạnh và nhẹ và được làm bằng dầm và tấm Các chùm bao gồm các lớp sợi than chì dệt thành một loại vải nhẹ hơn nhôm và cứng hơn thép Các phụ kiện bằng titan được dán và lắp vào dầm để cho phép nó được bắt vít với nhau Rover được tổ chức bên trong tàu đổ bộ bằng bu lông và đai ốc đặc biệt được thả ra sau khi hạ cánh bằng chất nổ nhỏ Uprighting chỉnh sửa Sau khi tàu đổ bộ ngừng nảy và lăn trên mặt đất nó dừng lại trên nền của tứ diện hoặc một bên của nó Các bên sau đó mở ra để làm cho cơ sở ngang và rover thẳng đứng Các bên được kết nối với cơ sở bằng bản lề mỗi bên có một động cơ đủ mạnh để nâng hạ cánh Chiếc rover plus hạ cánh có khối lượng khoảng 533 kg 1175 pounds Riêng rover có khối lượng khoảng 185 kg 408 lb Trọng lực trên Sao Hỏa bằng khoảng 38 Trái đất vì vậy động cơ không cần phải mạnh như trên Trái đất Động cơ chứa gia tốc kế để phát hiện đường nào đi xuống về phía bề mặt Sao Hỏa bằng cách đo lực kéo của trọng lực Sau đó máy tính rover chỉ huy cánh hoa chính xác mở ra để đặt rover thẳng đứng Khi cánh hoa cơ sở đã tắt và rover đứng thẳng hai cánh hoa còn lại được mở ra Các cánh hoa ban đầu mở ra một vị trí bằng nhau vì vậy tất cả các mặt của tàu đổ bộ đều thẳng và ngang Các động cơ cánh hoa đủ mạnh để nếu hai trong số các cánh hoa dừng lại trên đá cơ sở với động cơ sẽ được giữ ở vị trí giống như một cây cầu trên mặt đất Căn cứ sẽ giữ ở một mức độ ngay cả với chiều cao của cánh hoa nằm trên đá tạo ra một bề mặt phẳng thẳng trong suốt chiều dài của tàu đổ bộ mở phẳng Đội bay trên Trái đất sau đó có thể gửi lệnh cho người điều khiển để điều chỉnh cánh hoa và tạo ra một con đường an toàn cho người lái để lái tàu đổ bộ và lên bề mặt sao Hỏa mà không rơi xuống một tảng đá dốc Di chuyển trọng tải lên Sao Hỏa chỉnh sửa Việc di chuyển máy bay khỏi tàu đổ bộ được gọi là giai đoạn đi ra của nhiệm vụ Rover phải tránh để bánh xe của nó bị kẹt trong vật liệu túi khí hoặc rơi xuống một góc nghiêng sắc nét Để giúp điều này một hệ thống rút lại trên cánh hoa từ từ kéo túi khí về phía tàu đổ bộ trước khi cánh hoa mở ra Những đường dốc nhỏ trên cánh hoa quạt ra để lấp đầy khoảng trống giữa các cánh hoa They cover uneven terrain rock obstacles and airbag material and form a circular area from which the rover can drive off in more directions They also lower the step that the rover must climb down They are nicknamed batwings and are made of Vectran cloth About three hours were allotted to retract the airbags and deploy the lander petals Rover designedit Mars Exploration Rover rear vs Sojourner rover Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech Interactive 3D model of the MER The rovers are six-wheeled solar-powered robots that stand 15 m 49 ft high 23 m 75 ft wide and 16 m 52 ft long They weigh 180 kg 400 lb 35 kg 77 lb of which is the wheel and suspension system46 Drive systemedit Drive wheel from the Mars Exploration Rovers with integral suspension flexures Each rover has six wheels mounted on a rocker-bogie suspension system that ensures wheels remain on the ground while driving over rough terrain The design reduces the range of motion of the rover body by half and allows the rover to go over obstacles or through holes that are more than a wheel diameter 250 millimeters 98 in in size The rover wheels are designed with integral compliant flexures which provide shock absorption during movement47 Additionally the wheels have cleats which provide grip for climbing in soft sand and scrambling over rocks Each wheel has its own drive motor The two front and two rear wheels each have individual steering motors This allows the vehicle to turn in place a full revolution and to swerve and curve making arching turns The rover is designed to withstand a tilt of 45 degrees in any direction without overturning However the rover is programmed through its fault protection limits in its hazard avoidance software to avoid exceeding tilts of 30 degrees Each rover can spin one of its front wheels in place to grind deep into the terrain It is to remain motionless while the digging wheel is spinning The rovers have a top speed on flat hard ground of 50 mm/s 2 in/s The average speed is 10 mm/s because its hazard avoidance software causes it to stop every 10 seconds for 20 seconds to observe and understand the terrain into which it has driven Power and electronic systemsedit Circular projection showing MER-A Spirit’s solar panels covered in dust in October 2007 on Mars Unexpected cleaning events have periodically increased power When fully illuminated the rover triplejunction48 solar arrays generate about 140 watts for up to four hours per Martian day sol The rover needs about 100 watts to drive Its power system includes two rechargeable lithium ion batteries weighing 715 kg 158 lb each that provide energy when the sun is not shining especially at night Over time the batteries will degrade and will not be able to recharge to full capacity For comparison the Mars Science Laboratory’s power system is composed of a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator MMRTG produced by Boeing49 The MMRTG is designed to provide 125W of electrical power at the start of the mission falling to 100W after 14 years of service50 It is used to power the MSL’s many systems and instruments Solar panels were also considered for the MSL but RTGs provide constant power regardless of the time of day and thus the versatility to work in dark environments and high latitudes where solar energy is not readily available The MSL generates 25 kilowatt hours per day compared to the Mars Exploration Rovers which can generate about 06 kilowatt hours per day51 It was thought that by the end of the 90-sol mission the capability of the solar arrays to generate power would likely be reduced to about 50 watts This was due to anticipated dust coverage on the solar arrays and the change in season Over three Earth years later however the rovers’ power supplies hovered between 300 watt-hours and 900 watt-hours per day depending on dust coverage Cleaning events dust removal by wind have occurred more often than NASA expected keeping the arrays relatively free of dust and extending the life of the mission During a 2007 global dust storm on Mars both rovers experienced some of the lowest power of the mission Opportunity dipped to 128 watt-hours In November 2008 Spirit had overtaken this low-energy record with a production of 89 watt-hours due to dust storms in the region of Gusev crater52 The rovers run a VxWorks embedded operating system on a radiation-hardened 20 MHz RAD6000 CPU with 128 MB of DRAM with error detection and correction and 3 MB of EEPROM Each rover also has 256 MB of flash memory To survive during the various mission phases the rover’s vital instruments must stay within a temperature of −40 °C to 40 °C −40 °F to 104 °F At night the rovers are heated by eight radioisotope heater units RHU which each continuously generate 1 W of thermal energy from the decay of radioisotopes along with electrical heaters that operate only when necessary A sputtered gold film and a layer of silica aerogel are used for insulation Communicationedit Pancam Mast Assembly PMA The rover has an X band low-gain and an X band high-gain antenna for communications to and from the Earth as well as an ultra high frequency monopole antenna for relay communications The low-gain antenna is omnidirectional and transmits data at a low rate to Deep Space Network DSN antennas on Earth The high-gain antenna is directional and steerable and can transmit data to Earth at a higher rate The rovers use the UHF monopole and its CE505 radio to communicate with spacecraft orbiting Mars the Mars Odyssey and before its failure the Mars Global Surveyor already more than 76 terabits of data were transferred using its Mars Relay antenna and Mars Orbiter Camera’s memory buffer of 12 MB53 Since MRO went into orbit around Mars the landers have also used it as a relay asset Most of the lander data is relayed to Earth through Odyssey and MRO The orbiters can receive rover signals at a much higher data rate than the Deep Space Network can due to the much shorter distances from rover to orbiter The orbiters then quickly relay the rover data to the Earth using their large and high-powered antennas Each rover has nine cameras which produce 1024-pixel by 1024-pixel images at 12 bits per pixel54 but most navigation camera images and image thumbnails are truncated to 8 bits per pixel to conserve memory and transmission time All images are then compressed using ICER before being stored and sent to Earth Navigation thumbnail and many other image types are compressed to approximately 08 to 11 bits/pixel Lower bit rates less than 05-bit/pixel are used for certain wavelengths of multi-color panoramic images ICER is based on wavelets and was designed specifically for deep-space applications It produces progressive compression both lossless and lossy and incorporates an error-containment scheme to limit the effects of data loss on the deep-space channel It outperforms the lossy JPEG image compressor and the lossless Rice compressor used by the Mars Pathfinder mission Scientific instrumentationedit The rover has various instruments Three are mounted on the Pancam Mast Assembly PMA: Panoramic Cameras Pancam two cameras with color filter wheels for determining the texture color mineralogy and structure of the local terrain Navigation Cameras Navcam two cameras that have larger fields of view but lower resolution and are monochromatic for navigation and driving A periscope assembly for the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer Mini-TES which identifies promising rocks and soils for closer examination and determines the processes that formed them The Mini-TES was built by Arizona State University The periscope assembly features two beryllium fold mirrors a shroud that closes to minimize dust contamination in the assembly and stray-light rejection baffles that are strategically placed within the graphite epoxy tubes The cameras are mounted 15 meters high on the Pancam Mast Assembly The PMA is deployed via the Mast Deployment Drive MDD The Azimuth Drive mounted directly above the MDD turns the assembly horizontally a whole revolution with signals transmitted through a rolling tape configuration The camera drive points the cameras in elevation almost straight up or down A third motor points the Mini-TES fold mirrors and protective shroud up to 30° above the horizon and 50° below The PMA’s conceptual design was done by Jason Suchman at JPL the Cognizant Engineer who later served as Contract Technical Manager CTM once the assembly was built by Ball Aerospace amp Technologies Corp Boulder Colorado Raul Romero served as CTM once subsystem-level testing began Satish Krishnan did the conceptual design of the High-Gain Antenna Gimbal HGAG whose detailed design assembly and test was also performed by Ball Aerospace at which point Satish acted as the CTM Four monochromatic hazard cameras Hazcams are mounted on the rover’s body two in front and two behind The instrument deployment device IDD also called the rover arm holds the following: Mössbauer spectrometer MB MIMOS II developed by Dr Göstar Klingelhöfer at the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz Germany is used for close-up investigations of the mineralogy of iron-bearing rocks and soils5556 Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer APXS developed by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz Germany is used for close-up analysis of the abundances of elements that make up rocks and soils57 Universities involved in developing the APXS include the University of Guelph University of California and Cornell University Magnets for collecting magnetic dust particles58 developed by Jens Martin Knudsen’s group at the Niels Bohr Institute Copenhagen The particles are analyzed by the Mössbauer Spectrometer and X-ray Spectrometer to help determine the ratio of magnetic particles to non-magnetic particles and the composition of magnetic minerals in airborne dust and rocks that have been ground by the Rock Abrasion Tool There are also magnets on the front of the rover which are studied extensively by the Mössbauer spectrometer Microscopic Imager MI for obtaining close-up high-resolution images of rocks and soils Development was led by Ken Herkenhoff’s team at the USGS Astrogeology Research Program Rock Abrasion Tool RAT developed by Honeybee Robotics for removing dusty and weathered rock surfaces and exposing fresh material for examination by instruments on board The robotic arm is able to place instruments directly up against rock and soil targets of interest Naming of Spirit and Opportunityedit Sofi Collis with a model of Mars Exploration Rover The Spirit and Opportunity rovers were named through a student essay competition The winning entry was by Sofi Collis59 a third-grade Russian-American student from Arizona I used to live in an orphanage It was dark and cold and lonely At night I looked up at the sparkly sky and felt better I dreamed I could fly there In America I can make all my dreams come true Thank you for the ‘Spirit’ and the ‘Opportunity’— Sofi Collis age 9 Prior to this during the development and building of the rovers they were known as MER-1 Opportunity and MER-2 Spirit Internally NASA also uses the mission designations MER-A Spirit and MER-B Opportunity based on the order of landing on Mars Spirit first then Opportunity Test roversedit Rover team members simulate Spirit in a Martian sandtrap The Jet Propulsion Laboratory maintains a pair of rovers the Surface System Test-Beds SSTB at its location in Pasadena for testing and modeling of situations on Mars One test rover SSTB1 weighing approximately 180 kilograms 400 lb is fully instrumented and nearly identical to Spirit and Opportunity Another test version SSTB-Liteis identical in size and drive characteristics but does not include all instruments It weighs in at 80 kilograms 180 lb much closer to the weight of Spirit and Opportunity in the reduced gravity of Mars These rovers were used in 2009 for a simulation of the incident in which Spirit became trapped in soft soil606162 SAP software for image viewingedit The NASA team uses a software application called SAP to view images collected from the rover and to plan its daily activities There is a version available to the public called Maestro63 Planetary science findingsedit Spirit Landing Site Gusev Crateredit Plainsedit Although the Gusev crater appears from orbital images to be a dry lakebed the observations from the surface show the interior plains mostly filled with debris The rocks on the plains of Gusev are a type of basalt They contain the minerals olivine pyroxene plagioclase and magnetite and they look like volcanic basalt as they are fine-grained with irregular holes geologists would say they have vesicles and vugs6465 Much of the soil on the plains came from the breakdown of the local rocks Fairly high levels of nickel were found in some soils probably from meteorites66 Analysis shows that the rocks have been slightly altered by tiny amounts of water Outside coatings and cracks inside the rocks suggest water deposited minerals maybe bromine compounds All the rocks contain a fine coating of dust and one or more harder rinds of material One type can be brushed off while another needed to be ground off by the Rock Abrasion Tool RAT67 There are a variety of rocks in the Columbia Hills some of which have been altered by water but not by very much water These rocks can be classified in different ways The amounts and types of minerals make the rocks primitive basalts—also called picritic basalts The rocks are similar to ancient terrestrial rocks called basaltic komatiites Rocks of the plains also resemble the basaltic shergottites meteorites which came from Mars One classification system compares the amount of alkali elements to the amount of silica on a graph in this system Gusev plains rocks lie near the junction of basalt picrobasalt and tephite The Irvine-Barager classification calls them basalts64 Plain’s rocks have been very slightly altered probably by thin films of water because they are softer and contain veins of light colored material that may be bromine compounds as well as coatings or rinds It is thought that small amounts of water may have gotten into cracks inducing mineralization processes6564 Coatings on the rocks may have occurred when rocks were buried and interacted with thin films of water and dust One sign that they were altered was that it was easier to grind these rocks compared to the same types of rocks found on Earth The first rock that Spirit studied was Adirondack It turned out to be typical of the other rocks on the plains First color picture from Gusev crater Rocks were found to be basalt Everything was covered with a fine dust that Spirit determined was magnetic because of the mineral magnetite Cross-sectional drawing of a typical rock from the plains of Gusev crater Most rocks contain a coating of dust and one or more harder coatings Veins of water-deposited veins are visible along with crystals of olivine Veins may contain bromine salts Dustedit The dust in Gusev Crater is the same as dust all around the planet All the dust was found to be magnetic Moreover Spirit found the magnetism was caused by the mineral magnetite especially magnetite that contained the element titanium One magnet was able to completely divert all dust hence all Martian dust is thought to be magnetic68 The spectra of the dust was similar to spectra of bright low thermal inertia regions like Tharsis and Arabia that have been detected by orbiting satellites A thin layer of dust maybe less than one millimeter thick covers all surfaces Something in it contains a small amount of chemically bound water6970 Columbia Hillsedit As the rover climbed above the plains onto the Columbia Hills the mineralogy that was seen changed7172 Scientists found a variety of rock types in the Columbia Hills and they placed them into six different categories The six are: Clovis Wishbone Peace Watchtower Backstay and Independence They are named after a prominent rock in each group Their chemical compositions as measured by APXS are significantly different from each other73 Most importantly all of the rocks in Columbia Hills show various degrees of alteration due to aqueous fluids74 They are enriched in the elements phosphorus sulfur chlorine and bromine—all of which can be carried around in water solutions The Columbia Hills’ rocks contain basaltic glass along with varying amounts of olivine and sulfates7576 The olivine abundance varies inversely with the amount of sulfates This is exactly what is expected because water destroys olivine but helps to produce sulfates The Clovis group is especially interesting because the Mössbauer spectrometer MB detected goethite in it77 Goethite forms only in the presence of water so its discovery is the first direct evidence of past water in the Columbia Hills’s rocks In addition the MB spectra of rocks and outcrops displayed a strong decline in olivine presence75 although the rocks probably once contained much olivine78 Olivine is a marker for the lack of water because it easily decomposes in the presence of water Sulfate was found and it needs water to form Wishstone contained a great deal of plagioclase some olivine and anhydrate a sulfate Peace rocks showed sulfur and strong evidence for bound water so hydrated sulfates are suspected Watchtower class rocks lack olivine consequently they may have been altered by water The Independence class showed some signs of clay perhaps montmorillonite a member of the smectite group Clays require fairly long term exposure to water to form One type of soil called Paso Robles from the Columbia Hills may be an evaporate deposit because it contains large amounts of sulfur phosphorus calcium and iron79 Also MB found that much of the iron in Paso Robles soil was of the oxidized Fe3 form Towards the middle of the six-year mission a mission that was supposed to last only 90 days large amounts of pure silica were found in the soil The silica could have come from the interaction of soil with acid vapors produced by volcanic activity in the presence of water or from water in a hot spring environment80 After Spirit stopped working scientists studied old data from the Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer or Mini-TES and confirmed the presence of large amounts of carbonate-rich rocks which means that regions of the planet may have once harbored water The carbonates were discovered in an outcrop of rocks called Comanche8182 In summary Spirit found evidence of slight weathering on the plains of Gusev but no evidence that a lake was there However in the Columbia Hills there was clear evidence for a moderate amount of aqueous weathering The evidence included sulfates and the minerals goethite and carbonates which only form in the presence of water It is believed that Gusev crater may have held a lake long ago but it has since been covered by igneous materials All the dust contains a magnetic component which was identified as magnetite with some titanium Furthermore the thin coating of dust that covers everything on Mars is the same in all parts of Mars Opportunity Landing Site Meridiani Planumedit The Opportunity rover landed in a small crater dubbed Eagle on the flat plains of Meridiani The plains of the landing site were characterized by the presence of a large number of small spherules spherical concretions that were tagged blueberries by the science team which were found both loose on the surface and also embedded in the rock These proved to have a high concentration of the mineral hematite and showed the signature of being formed in an aqueous environment The layered bedrock revealed in the crater walls showed signs of being sedimentary in nature and compositional and microscopic-imagery analysis showed this to be primarily with composition of Jarosite a ferrous sulfate mineral that is characteristically an evaporite that is the residue from the evaporation of a salty pond or sea8384 The mission has provided substantial evidence of past water activity on Mars In addition to investigating the water hypothesis Opportunity has also obtained astronomical observations and atmospheric data The extended mission took the rover across the plains to a series of larger craters in the south with the arrival at the edge of a 25-km diameter crater Endeavour Crater eight years after landing The orbital spectroscopy of this crater rim show the signs of phyllosilicate rocks indicative of older sedimentary deposits Landing locationsedit Glossaryedit APXS: Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer DSCC: Deep Space Communications Center DSN: Deep Space Network DTS: Dead Time Start ERT: Earth-received time UTC of an event FSW: flight software HGA: High Gain Antenna LGA: Low Gain Antenna MER: Mars Exploration Rover MSL: Mars Science Laboratory Mini-TES:Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration USA Navcam: Navigation camera Pancam: Panoramic camera RAT: Rock Abrasion Tool RCS: Reaction Control System See alsoedit Nelson Jon Mars Exploration Rover – Spirit NASA Retrieved 2014-02-02 Nelson Jon Mars Exploration Rover -Opportunity NASA Retrieved 2014-02-02 Mars Exploration Rover Mission Overview NASA a b c NASA extends Mars rovers’ mission MSNBC 2007-10-16 Retrieved 2009-04-05 Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Releases marsroversjplnasagov Retrieved 2015-05-25 Mars Exploration Rover Status Report: Rovers Resume Driving nasagov Retrieved 2007-09-03 Henry Fountain May 25 2009 Crater was Shaped by Wind and Water Mars Rover Data Shows New York Times Retrieved 2009-05-26 Now a Stationary Research Platform NASA’s Mars Rover Spirit Starts a New Chapter in Red Planet Scientific Studies Archived from the original on 2010-05-28 Retrieved 2010-01-28 NASA Concludes Attempts to Contact Mars Rover Spirit NASA Retrieved 2011-05-25 a b Grotzinger John P January 24 2014 Introduction to Special Issue – Habitability Taphonomy and the Search for Organic Carbon on Mars Science 343 6169: 386–387 Bibcode:2014Sci…343386G doi:101126/science1249944 PMID 24458635 Retrieved 2014-01-24 Various January 24 2014 Special Issue – Table of Contents – Exploring Martian Habitability Science 343 6169: 345–452 Retrieved 2014-01-24 Various January 24 2014 Special Collection – Curiosity – Exploring Martian Habitability Science Retrieved 2014-01-24 Grotzinger JP et al January 24 2014 A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay Gale Crater Mars Science 343 6169: 1242777 Bibcode:2014Sci…343A386G doi:101126/science1242777 PMID 24324272 Retrieved 2014-01-24 The scientific objectives of the Mars Exploration Rover marsroversnasagov Retrieved 2015-05-25 uploadwikimediaorg Retrieved 2015-05-25 Spirit Mars Rover Reaches ‘Home Plate’: Formation Has Researchers Puzzled Spacecom Retrieved 2018-05-01 NASA Mars Rover Arrives at Dramatic Vista on Red Planet nasagov Retrieved 2006-09-28 Mars rover Global Surveyor Odyssey missions extended Retrieved 2006-09-27 Opportunity Passes 10-Kilometer Mark nasagov Retrieved 2007-02-08 NASA Mars Rover Ready For Descent Into Crater jplnasagov Retrieved 2007-07-15 Opportunity Waiting for Dust to Settle jplnasagov Retrieved 2007-07-15 Mars Exploration Rover Status Report: Rovers Resume Driving NASA Retrieved 2007-08-30 Hardy Rover Continues to Celebrate Milestones NASA Retrieved 2007-10-16 NASA Extends Mars Rover Mission a Fifth Time NASA Retrieved 2007-10-16 NASA’s Mars Rover Opportunity Climbing out of Victoria Crater jplnasagov Retrieved 2008-08-27 NASA Mars Rover Opportunity Ascends to Level Ground jplnasagov Retrieved 2008-08-29 NASA’s rovers mark five years on Red Planet CNN 2009-01-03 Retrieved 2009-01-03 One Mars Rover Sees A Distant Goal The Other Takes A New Route NASA/JPL 2009-03-18 Retrieved 2009-03-20 One Mars Rover Sees A Distant Goal The Other Takes A New Route NASA/JPL 2009-03-18 Retrieved 2009-03-20 Opportunity Rover Passes 10-Mile Mark on Mars Spacecom 2009-05-26 Retrieved 2009-05-27 Spirit Stuck In ‘Insidious Invisible Rover Trap’ on Mars Spacecom 2009-05-21 Retrieved 2009-05-27 Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Press Releases marsroversjplnasagov Retrieved 2015-05-25 Now a Stationary Research Platform NASA’s Mars Rover Spirit Starts a New Chapter in Red Planet Scientific Studies NASA 2010-01-26 Retrieved 2010-01-29 a b Opportunity Surpasses 20 Kilometers of Total Driving NASA 2010-03-24 Archived from the original on 2010-05-28 Retrieved 2010-04-18 Spirit May Have Begun Months-Long Hibernation NASA 2010-03-31 Archived from the original on 2010-05-28 Retrieved 2010-04-18 Opportunity Rover Reaches Halfway Point of Long Trek NASA/JPL 2010-09-08 Retrieved 2010-10-12 NASA Concludes Attempts to Contact Mars Rover Spirit NASA/JPL 2011-05-24 Retrieved 2011-05-25 Mars rover beams back rude drawing 3 News NZ April 25 2013 Manhood are from Mars: Nasa red-faced after Rover ‘draws rude image’ 3 News NZ April 25 2013 a b c d Nine-Year-Old Mars Rover Passes 40-Year-Old Record NASA/JPL 2013-05-16 Retrieved 2013-05-25 a b Webster Guy Brown Dwayne July 28 2014 NASA Long-Lived Mars Opportunity Rover Sets Off-World Driving Record NASA Retrieved 2014-07-29 Knapp Alex July 29 2014 NASA’s Opportunity Rover Sets A Record For Off-World Driving Forbes Retrieved 2014-07-29 NASA’s Opportunity Mars Rover Finishes Marathon Clocks in at Just Over 11 Years NASA/JPL March 23 2015 Retrieved 2015-07-08 Spirit and Opportunity: Wheels on Mars PDF Planet Mars SpringerLink: 201–204 Retrieved 2010-07-22 a b c d e f g Mars Exploration Rover Mission: The Mission nasagov Retrieved September 12 2007 MER Technical Data Retrieved 2007-07-15 Wheels in the Sky NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Retrieved 14 February 2017 D Crisp a A Pathareb and R C Ewell 2004 The performance of gallium arsenide/germanium solar cells at the Martian surface Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 54 2: 83–101 Bibcode:2004AcAau54…83C Technologies of Broad Benefit: Power Archived from the original on 2008-06-14 Retrieved 2008-09-20 Overview of NASA Program on Development of Radioisotope Power Systems with High Specific Power PDF Pdfaiaaorg Retrieved 2012-10-25 permanent dead link Watson Traci 2008-04-14 Troubles parallel ambitions in NASA Mars project USA Today Retrieved 2009-05-27 Mars dust storms threaten rovers BBC News July 21 2007 Retrieved 2007-07-22 Michael C Malin Kenneth S Edgett Bruce A Cantor Michael A Caplinger G Edward Danielson Elsa H Jensen Michael A Ravine Jennifer L Sandoval Kimberley D Supulver 6 January 2010 An overview of the 1985–2006 Mars Orbiter Camera science investigation Mars – the International Journal of Mars Science and Exploration Mars Informatics Inc 5: 1–60 Bibcode:2010IJMSE…5…1M doi:101555/mars20100001 1 Klingelhöfer G Bernhardt But Foh J Bonnes U Rodionov D De Souza P A Schroder C Gellert R Kane S Gutlich P Kankeleit E 2002 The miniaturized Mössbauer spectrometer MIMOS II for extraterrestrial and outdoor terrestrial applications: A status report Hyperfine Interactions 144: 371–379 Bibcode:2002HyInt144371K Klingelhoefer et al 2007 THE MINIATURISED MOESSBAUER SPECTROMETER MIMOS II: APPLICATION FOR THE PHOBOS-GRUNT MISSION PDF R Rieder R Gellert J Brückner G Klingelhöfer G Dreibus A Yen S W Squyres 2003 The new Athena alpha particle X-ray spectrometer for the Mars Exploration Rovers Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 8066 Bibcode:2003JGRE1088066R doi:101029/2003JE002150 2 NASA press release naming winning entry Mars and Earth Activities Aim to Get Spirit Rolling Again May 18 2009 Retrieved 2010-01-22 Nancy Atkinson 2 July 2009 Test-Bed Rover is Now Stuck — Which is a Good Thing! Retrieved 2014-03-14 NASA Spirit Mission Manager Reports Retrieved 2014-03-14 maestro – Welcome to Maestro Headquarters 2011-09-05 Archived from the original on 2011-09-05 Retrieved 2017-02-16 a b c McSween etal 2004 Basaltic Rocks Analyzed by the Spirit Rover in Gusev Crater Science : 305 842-845 a b Arvidson R E et al 2004 Localization and Physical Properties Experiments Conducted by Spirit at Gusev Crater Science 305: 821–824 Bibcode:2004Sci…305821A doi:101126/science1099922 PMID 15297662 Gelbert R et al 2006 The Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer APXS: results from Gusev crater and calibration report J Geophys Độ phân giải Planets 111 Christensen P August 2004 Initial Results from the Mini-TES Experiment in Gusev Crater from the Spirit Rover Science 305: 837–842 Bibcode:2004Sci…305837C doi:101126/science1100564 PMID 15297667 Bertelsen P et al 2004 Magnetic Properties on the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit at Gusev Crater Science 305 5685: 827–829 Bibcode:2004Sci…305827B doi:101126/science1100112 PMID 15297664 Bell J ed The Martian Surface 2008 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0-521-86698-9 Gelbert R et al 2004 Chemistry of Rocks and Soils in Gusev Crater from the Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer Science 305 5685: 829–32 Bibcode:2004Sci…305829G doi:101126/science1099913 PMID 15297665 Arvidson R et al 2006 Overview of the Spirit Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Gusev Crater: Landing Site to Backstay Rock in the Columbia Hills Journal of Geophysical Research 111: E02S01 Bibcode:2006JGRE1112S01A doi:101029/2005je002499 Crumpler L et al 2005 Mars Exploration Rover Geologic Traverse by the Spirit Rover in the Plains of Gusev Crater Mars Geology 33 10: 809–812 Bibcode:2005Geo…33809C doi:101130/g216731 Squyres S et al 2006 Rocks of the Columbia Hills J Geophys Độ phân giải Planets 111 Ming D et al 2006 Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater Mars J Geophys Res 111: n/a Bibcode:2006JGRE1112S12M doi:101029/2005je002560 a b Schroder C et al 2005 European Geosciences Union General Assembly Geophysical Research abstr Vol 7 10254 2005 Christensen PR 2005 Mineral Composition and Abundance of the Rocks and Soils at Gusev and Meridiani from the Mars Exploration Rover Mini-TES Instruments AGU Joint Assembly 23-27 May 2005 Aguorg Klingelhofer G et al 2005 Lunar Planet Sci XXXVI abstr 2349 Morris S et al Mossbauer mineralogy of rock soil and dust at Gusev crater Mars: Spirit’s journal through weakly altered olivine basalt on the plains and pervasively altered basalt in the Columbia Hills J Geophys Res: 111 Ming D et al 2006 Geochemical and mineralogical indicators for aqueous processes in the Columbia Hills of Gusev crater Mars J Geophys Res111 NASA – Mars Rover Spirit Unearths Surprise Evidence of Wetter Past nasagov Retrieved 2015-05-25 Outcrop of long-sought rare rock on Mars found Sciencedailycom 2010-06-04 Bibcode:2010Sci…329421M doi:101126/science1189667 Retrieved 2012-10-25 Morris Richard V Ruff Steven W Gellert Ralf Ming Douglas W Arvidson Raymond E Clark Benton C Golden D C Siebach Kirsten Klingelhöfer Göstar Schröder Christian Fleischer Iris Yen Albert S Squyres Steven W 2010 Identification of Carbonate-Rich Outcrops on Mars by the Spirit Rover Science 329 5990: 421–424 Bibcode:2010Sci…329421M doi:101126/science1189667 PMID 20522738 Squyres S et al 2004 The Opportunity Rover’s Athena Science Investigation At Meridiani Planum Mars Science 306 5702: 1698–1703 Bibcode:2004Sci…3061698S doi:101126/science1106171 PMID 15576602 Squyres S et al 2006 Overview of the Opportunity Mars Exploration Rover Mission to Meridiani Planum: Eagle Crater to Purgatory Dune Journal of Geophysical Research 111: E12S12 Bibcode:2006JGRE11112S12S doi:101029/2006je002771 Referencesedit Further readingedit External linksedit |
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