|
Corinthia Hotels announces new luxury hotel in Moscow |
4 |
|
Книга Remote Moscow |
3 |
|
South Korea Moscow and Berlin! |
2 |
|
26012019 Club Moscow |
2 |
|
CHALAMA PROJECT – MMDM / MOSCOW 2015 |
2 |
|
Ballast Point Moscow Mule |
2 |
|
LIVE: Intra-Afghan talks kicks off in Moscow |
2 |
|
We have the finest selection of Young Shanghai Russian Call Girls In our Shanghai Escort Gallery you will find your perfect Russian Escort Girls or European high class Escort companion All our Shanghai Escort Guangzhou Escort Beijing Escort Hong Kong Escort Macau Escort Bangkok Escort provide overnight escort service Overnioght Escort service in Shanghai Beijing Guangzhou contain 6-10 hrs with any Russian Escort in Shanghai or European Escort in Guangzhou you like most Dinner Date Escort Service is also very popular in Shanghai Beijing Guangzhou Hong Kong and Singapore Dinner Date Escort Girl spend with you about 3-4 hrs include 1-2 hrs in hotel 1Russianescortshanghai Agency in Shanghai Escort AgencyGuangzhou and Escort Agency Beijing with a wide selection of finest VIP Escort Russian Models and High Class European Models available to accompany you between business appointments and personal dates and provide you best Escort Service in Shanghai escort service in Beijing escort service in Guangzhouescort service in Hong Kong escort service in Macau escort service in Seoul escort service in Singaporeescort service in Moscowescort service in Bangkokescort service in Pattaya escort service in Phuket |
2 |
|
Futvolleyçilərimiz “Moscow Futvolley Open” turnirdə iştirak edib – Fotolar |
2 |
|
Urban development of the Moscow River |
2 |
|
Каспийский Груз – Live in Moscow |
2 |
|
Всe для бизнеса в сфере общественного питания на конференции и выставке FoodService Moscow 2019 |
2 |
|
Moscow Patriarchate: We are on Bishop Gideon’s side |
2 |
|
David Moscow’s directorial debut thriller “DESOLATION” releases January 26th! EXCLUSIVE CLIP |
2 |
|
Say hello to the new sites on the shelf: Rosé Royale Cosmopolitan amp Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
All music and video is edited mixed and mastered by Leonid Vorobyev All songs recorded in the Osinsky Recording Studio Moscow Russia Vladimir Osinsky Proprietor |
1 |
|
WordCamp Moscow 2016 Recap |
1 |
|
Bohdan Khmelnytsky: Forever with Moscow! Forever with Russia! |
1 |
|
MOSCOW DUBAI NEW YORK AND LONDON ARE OUR NEXT DESTINATIONS |
1 |
|
Aluminium-XXI / Surface Treatment and Finishing – Moscow Russia SERVICES |
1 |
|
Moscow – Duvar Saati |
1 |
|
Prediksi Liverpool vs Spartak Moscow 7 Desember 2017 |
1 |
|
Moscow Patriarchate Won’t Allow Many of Its Priests in Ukraine to Return to Russia: It Wants Martyrs Experts Say |
1 |
|
Vasily Polenov Moscow patio 1878 |
1 |
|
FIFA World Cup 2018 Opening Ceremony Highlights: Robbie Williams Enthralls Moscow Latest Updated News |
1 |
|
Dyn Moscow – Tractor Chelyabinsk |
1 |
|
Moscow 1866-1896 |
1 |
|
PRO RUSSIA MOSCOW ZAGORSK NEW ZEALAND NATURAL THERAPHY |
1 |
|
Moscow Water Dog |
1 |
|
NCM Moscow 48V 14Ah E-MTB |
1 |
|
Итоги Blockchain Conference Moscow 2018 |
1 |
|
Moscow Noir odc 8 |
1 |
|
US confirms pullout from INF treaty Moscow will respond if missiles placed in Europe – deputy FM |
1 |
|
Black Friday in Moscow at the store Mono-stilru 30 |
1 |
|
pogoda51ru 10pogodaru arhpogodaru Spb-pogodaru 35pogodaru kaliningrad-pogodaru pogoda-Moscowru 16pogodaru pogodatverru yar-pogodaru krasnodar-pogodaru kalugapogodaru |
1 |
|
MoscowBoys |
1 |
|
Yuri from Moscow |
1 |
|
Russia spurning US censure launches second day of Syria strikes from Iran Putin to meet in Moscow 8/9/16 floods peak during ‘peace talk’ push |
1 |
|
RADİK TYULYUSH CONCERT in MOSCOW / 12th OCTOBER |
1 |
|
Moscow Circus on Ice |
1 |
|
Apple Cider Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
Reactions against Moscow Summit |
1 |
|
Museums in Moscow |
1 |
|
Books proceedings Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 Турнир юных физиков: правила и задания X Московского Всесоюзного и Международного турниров юных физиков / ЦК ВЛКСМ МГУ им М В Ломоносова — М 1988 Турнир юных физиков: итоговый документ II Всесоюзного и Международного турнира юных физиков 24 марта — 5 апреля 1989 г / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М 1989 Zdeněk Kluiber et al The development of talents in physics JČMF Prometheus Prague 1995 ISBN 80-85849-96-8 Juraj Braciník Jozef Brestenský Miroslav Helbich Karol Macák Turnaj mladých fyzikov : štatút a úlohy Iuventa Bratislava 1996 ISBN 80-85172-77-1 Zdeněk Kluiber Turnaj mladých fyziků: informace o národní i mezinárodní soutěži studentů výrazně talentovaných pro fyziku MAFY Hradec Králové 1996 ISBN 80-7041-709-9 10th International Young Physicists’ Tournament IDM MŠMT Prague 1998 ISBN 80-86033-26-2 Zdeněk Kluiber et alt 10th International Young Physicists’ Tournament MAFI Hradec Králové 1998 ISBN 80-86148-12-2 11th International Young Physicists’ Tournament June 1–5 1998 Donaueschingen Germany Remarks and selected reports eds Hendrik Hoeth Martina Schäffer Jan Theofel Stiftung für Bildung und Behindertenförderung Stuttgart 1998 Л Г Маркович А И Слободянюк Турниры Юных Физиков — Мн: Мн обл ИПКиПРРиСО 1999 Zdeněk Kluiber Tvořivost učitele a účastníci fyzikálních soutěží ARSCI Praha 2004 ISBN 80-86078-45-0- Zdeněk Kluiber Tvůrčí náboj úloh Turnaje mladých fyziků MAFY Hradec Králové 2005 IYPT: The International Young Physicists’ Tournament The Physics World Cup Proceedings of the 18th IYPT 2005 14–21 July 2005 Winterthur Switzerland Ed Silvina Simeonova Zvezdi Sofia 2006 ISBN-10: 954-9514-61-7 ISBN-13: 978-954-9514-61-2 IYPT: The International Young Physicists’ Tournament The Physics World Cup Proceedings of the 19th IYPT 2006 5–12 July 2005 Bratislava Slovakia Eds Silvina Simeonova Myeung Hoi Kwon Zvezdi Sofia 2007 ISBN 978-954-9493-10-8 А В Глебов Л Г Маркович Готовимся к турниру юных физиков // Готовимся к — Мн: НИО 2007 стр 45—57 ISBN 978-895-465-318-1 20 years of the Young Physicists’ Tournament : Proceedings from conference and next contributions Ed Zdeněk Kluiber MAFY Hradec Králové 2008 ISBN 80-86148-90-4 Zdenek Kluiber Tomislav Stanisic Vaclav Skocdopole The Future is influenced by the Gifted Agentura Orbis 64 Praha 2008 ISBN 978-80-902616-0-0 1979 Е Юносов Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1980 стр 57—58 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 17VI80 I Турнир юных физиков 1979 // Фотографии из личного архива Е Н Юносова Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 2 6—13 I Турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 Е Н Юносов История создания и развития ТЮФ 1996 // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 Дырки в стекле // Архив С Варламова 1 декабря 2008 г 1980 Е Юносов Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1980 стр 57—58 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 17VI80 В Каслин А Стародуб Праздник юных физиков // Квант № 8 1980 стр 53—56 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 17VI80 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 14—18 II Турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 1981 Е Юносов III Московский турнир юных физиков // Квант № 2 1982 стр 55—57 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 161281 И Алексеев Д Свирида И светит и греет // Квант № 3 1982 стр 17—19 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 19182 М Людомирский А Панфилов Почему висит кольцо // Квант № 4 1982 стр 22—24 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 18282 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 19—25 III Турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 1982 Е Юносов IV Московский турнир юных физиков // Квант № 9 1982 стр 57—61 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 26882 В Майский Где тонко там и рвется // Квант № 12 1983 стр 22—24 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 191083 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 26—32 IV Турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 1983 Е Н Юносов V Московский турнир юных физиков // Квант № 10 1983 стр 59—61 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 16883 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 33—41 V Турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 1984 Е Н Юносов VI Московский турнир юных физиков // Квант № 9 1984 стр 57—60 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 19784 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 42—51 1985 Е Н Юносов И В Яминский VII Московский турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1985 стр 57—58 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 190685 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 52—59 1986 Е Н Юносов И В Яминский VIII турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1985 стр 58—60 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 190685 Е Н Юносов И В Яминский VIII Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1986 стр 60—62 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 19686 Ответы указания решения: VIII Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 10 1986 стр 63—64 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 150886 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 60—69 VIII Турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 1987 Е Н Юносов И В Яминский IX Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1986 стр 62—63 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 19686 Турнир юных физиков: методические рекомендации по подготовке и проведению турнира юных физиков и задания конкурсов турнира Сост В Г Бабаев Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский / МГУ им М В Ломоносова физический факультет — М: МГУ 1987 стр 6 70—77 1988 Т П Корнеева Е Н Юносов И В Яминский X Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1987 стр 59—60 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 170687 Г Розенберг Тройка семерка туз С Мейен Опять тройка // Знание — сила № 1 1987 стр 97—103 В Уфе впервые прошел турнир юных физиков Хорошая инициатива // Народное образование № 11 1988 стр 40 Турнир юных физиков: правила и задания X Московского Всесоюзного и Международного турниров юных физиков — М: МГУ 1988 Е П Велихов Участникам и гостям международного турнира юных физиков печатное обращение Москва 1988 г Zdeněk Kluiber Turnaj mladých fyziků Rozhledy matematicko-fyzikální ročník 68 květen 1989/90 číslo 9 str 427—430 I Международный турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 I Международный Турнир юных физиков 1988 // Фотографии из личного архива Е Н Юносова- История на турнира: Отборът на Американския колеж в София победи в Националния турнир на младите физици / The American College of Sofia- История на турнира Участие на България / iypthitbg- 1988-2000: История нашей школы / Средняя общеобразовательная школа № 1 г Фрязино Yury Yufryakov My scientific activity: The Nineth Wave Interview with Yury Yufryakov Ilya Martchenko POISK Centre January 10 2008 T P Korneeva E N Yunosov I V Yaminskiy Advices for beginners at the Tournament August 1987 English translation POISK Centre March 31 2008 Значок: Турнир юных физиков МГУ Москва 1988 г Formal invitation letter to the 1st IYPT English translation blogilyamorg January 9 2011 Physics Fight regulations at the 1st IYPT English translation blogilyamorg March 13 2011 Interview with Svetlana Mesyats blogilyamorg September 3 2009 Interview with Igor Nosov blogilyamorg September 27 2009 Interview with Rumen Bachev and Stefan Piperov blogilyamorg October 31 2010- Private communication with Yasha Gindikin Evgeny Yunosov I M 2008 2009 1989 Е Н Юносов XI Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1988 стр 61—63 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 150688 О развитии турнирной формы работы со школьниками Из постановления Коллегии Госкомитета СССР по народному образованию Секретариата ЦК ВЛКСМ от 6 декабря 1988 г // Документы ЦК ВЛКСМ: 1988 — М: Молодая гвардия 1989 стр 223—226 О дополнениях к составу кандидатов на международную олимпиаду школьников по информатике и турниру юных физиков 1989 г Государственный комитет СССР по народному образованию приказ № 559 от 29121988 г подпись: первый заместитель Председателя — министр СССР В Д Шадриков Турнир юных физиков: итоговый документ II Всесоюзного и Международного турниров юных физиков 24 марта — 5 апреля 1989 г — М: МГУ1989 Об итогах II Всесоюзного и Международного турнира юных физиков 1989 г Государственный комитет СССР по народному образованию приказ № 440 от 29051989 г подпись: первый заместитель председателя министр СССР В Д Шадриков Решения Международного консультативного совещания по вопросам организации Международных Турниров юных физиков СССР Москва МГУ 3—5 апреля 1989 г Е Н Юносов Об итогах ТЮФ 1988/89 года // Квант № 10 1989 стр 42 сдано в набор 260789 Translated Kvant problems Hans Jordens’ collection 1989 Е Н Юносов «Союз» открывает турнир // Квант № 2 1989 стр 45 61 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 231188 Талантам нужно помогать несколько реплик с расширенного заседания коллегии Гособразования СССР // Вестник высшей школы № 11 1989 стр 3—8 Дмитрий Рунге Т-с-с заседает дума // Комсомольская жизнь № 23 1989 стр 1—5 Обращение к участникам Всесоюзной школы-сессии Г Т Зацепина А А Сереброва Уфа август 1989 г Zdeněk Kluiber Turnaj mladých fyziků Rozhledy matematicko-fyzikální ročník 68 Květen 1989/90 číslo 9 str 427—430 T D Korneeva et al Young Physicists’ Tournament YPT: A collective competition Gifted Talented International 7 1-2 86-95 1991 II Международный турнир юных физиков // Сайт Интернет-турнира «Фарадей» 2002 Искры // Архив С Валамова 3 марта 2003 г Paweł Wolak and Urszula Woźnikowska-Bezak 20-летие Международного Турнира Юных Физиков 20 Years of the Young Physicists’ Tournament: memories Slides 20 Years of the YPT conference Hradec Králové September 10-13 2007 pp 2—3 Л В Левшин Физический факультет МГУ Исторический справочник персоналии — М: Физ фак МГУ 2002 стр 204 Interview with Eugene Zelenko Ilya Martchenko POISK Centre November 30 2007 Interview with Igor Nosov blogilyamorg September 27 2009 Interview with Rumen Bachev and Stefan Piperov blogilyamorg October 31 2010 Interview with Grigory Kopelevich Vasily Shabat and Alexander Yablonskiy blogilyamorg December 19 2010- Private communication with Ruslan Yarovy Andrzej Nadolny Hans Jordens I M 2008 2009 1990 Е Н Юносов XII Турнир юных физиков // Квант № 8 1989 стр 76—78 ISSN 0130-2221 сдано в набор 260589 III Международный турнир юных физиков Москва Молодежный центр Олимпиец 7—14 июня 1990 г Программа Турнира T D Korneeva et al Young Physicists’ Tournament YPT: A collective competition Gifted Talented International 7 1-2 86-95 1991 Дмитрий Рунге Т-с-с заседает дума // Комсомольская жизнь № 23 1989 стр 1—5 Об итогах первого Республиканского и заключительного этапа III Всесоюзного турнира юных физиков в 1989/90 учебном году и о проведении второго республиканского и IV Всесоюзного турнира в 1990/91 учебном году Министерство Народного Образования ТССР приказ от 210390 г подпись: министр М А Алиева OCR problems for 3rd IYPT Hans Jordens’ collection Zdeněk Kluiber Úlohy Turnaje mladých fyziků 1989 — 90 Rozhledy matematicko-fyzikální ročník 69 září 1990/91 číslo 1 str 24—27 Zdeněk Kluiber III ročník turnaje mladých fyziků Rozhledy matematicko-fyzikální ročník 69 listopad 1990/91 číslo 3 str 134—135 Zdeněk Kluiber III mezinárodní Turnaj mladých fyziků Rozhledy matematicko-fyzikální ročník 69 listopad—prosinec 1990/91 číslo 7—8 str 355—357 Lajos Skrapits Pályázati felhívás nemzetközi fizikaversenyre KöMaL 12 478—480 1989 К Юфряков Падающая капля и воздушный пузырек // Квант № 11 1990 стр 57 ISSN 0130-2221 sic! II Международный Турнир юных физиков 1989 // Фотографии из личного архива Е Н Юносова Юные физики фото И Кравченко // Инженер-физик 1990 № 26 1053 10 сентября 1990 г Побывали в Англии // Инженер-физик 1990 № 31—32 1057—1058 8 ноября 1990 г Moscow perspective on the Western way Cambridge Evening News No 31 255 July 17 1990 Mikhail V Belolipetsky CV Interview with Konstantin Yufryakov blogilyamorg June 6 2008 POISK Centre March 30 2008 Interview with Igor Nosov blogilyamorg September 27 2009 A personal diploma from 3rd all-Soviet Young Physicists’ Tournament 1990 Invitation letter to the 3rd IYPT dated March 15 1990 sent to Hungarian delegation leader Lajos Skrapits Problems for the finalists Certificates allowing admission to any Soviet university without examinations issued by USSR State Committee on National Education June 1990 Правила матбоя и физбоя 1990 Problems as preserved by first-hand participants first page Interview with Ilya Mashkov blogilyamorg November 15 2009 Interview with Eldar Sadykhov blogilyamorg March 23 2010 Interview with Sergey Romanchuk and Dmitri Salov blogilyamorg November 7 2010 Interview with Ákos Csilling and András Czirók blogilyamorg May 15 2011 Hungarian team diploma from the 3rd IYPT- Private communication with Andris Eiduks a participant who insisted on confidentiality I M 2009 1991 Jeanne Stoliaroff Quatrième tournoi international des jeunes physiciens Bull Union Phys 85 No 735 1009—1011 Juin 1991 Jeanne Stoliaroff Compte-rendu du tournoi international des jeunes physiciens à Moscou Bull Union Phys 85 No 738 1493—1497 Novembre 1991 Программа IV Всесоюзного турнира юных физиков 11—18 апреля 1991 г — Одесса 1991 Прес-лист: Турнірний рух в Україні 2002- Задания правила: брошюра IV Международного турнира юных физиков 1991 OCR problems for the 4th IYPT Hans Jordens’ collection 1991 IV Международный Турнир юных физиков 1991 // Фотографии из личного архива Е Н Юносова Zdeněk Kluiber 4 ročník Turnaje mladých fyziků Pokroky matematiki fyziki a astronomie ročník 36 1991 číslo 6 str 356—357 Ivan Štoll IV ročník Turnaje mladých fyziků Rozhledy matematicko-fyzikální ročník 70 březen—duben 1992 číslo 1 str 44—45 Lajos Skrapits Ifjú Fizikusok Nemzetközi Versenye Fizikai Szemle 1992/03 119o március 1992 8 А88 Отчет о международном турнире юных физиков // Реферативный журнал: 18 физика сводный том ч I № 8A 1992 стр 10 ISSN 0034-2343 Interview with Péter Falus and Péter Fedorcsák blogilyamorg November 21 2009 Interview with Sergei Katsev blogilyamorg October 8 2010 Interview with Sergey Romanchuk and Dmitri Salov blogilyamorg November 7 2010 1992 Задания V Международного турнира юных физиков: распечатка 1992 года Problems for the V-th International YPT booklet 1992 Л Марковіч У фізбой гуляюць сапраўдныя мужчыны // Настаўніцкая газета 1992 № 88 28101992 Ivan Štoll Jan Tichý Velký úspěch československého družstva na V mezinárodním Turnaji mladých fyziků Rozhledy matematicko-fyzikální ročník 70 červenec—spren 1992 číslo 3 str 44—45 Zdeněk Kluiber V ročník Turnaje mladých fyziků Pokroky matematiki fyziki a astronomie ročník 38 1993 číslo 1 str 60—62 Paweł Wolak and Urszula Woźnikowska-Bezak 20-летие Международного Турнира Юных Физиков 20 Years of the Young Physicists’ Tournament: memories Slides 20 Years of the YPT conference Hradec Králové September 10—13 2007 pp 4—6 Interview with Alexander Morozov blogilyamorg August 16 2009 Interview with Sergei Katsev blogilyamorg October 8 2010 Sergei Katsev CV Interview with Grigory Kopelevich Vasily Shabat and Alexander Yablonskiy blogilyamorg December 19 2010- Private communication with Leonid Markovich I M 2010 2011 |
1 |
|
Sensation Moscow 2015 |
1 |
|
Moscow Gov’t to Launch Blockchain-Enabled IT Innovation Cluster by Summer 2019 |
1 |
|
Polish prehistory To discover the mysteries of the past historians and other scholars studying those domains work with a number of sources such as various artefacts and structures of non-written cultures songs and tales and recently also genetic material DNA All those sources provide information on lands which became Poland and the people who inhabited them after the retreat of the glaciers from Europe Last Glacial Maximum – LGM This is how we know that the Poles are Slavic people who have inhabited Central and Eastern Europe between the Oder and Vistula River for thousands of years In contrary to what was believed before modern science allows us to infer that the human settlement in the region has been characterized by genetic continuity of a rather homogenous nature since the Bronze Age The DNA research suggests as well a link with central Asia which can be explained by four theories In this way the so-called Sarmatian myth which arose in Poland in the 16th century may well turn out to be true Read more History of Poland Christianity patriotism and a passionate love of freedom are the dominant trends of the ten centuries of Poland’s turbulent history Few nations have suffered as much faced so many reverses of fortune and yet retained their ethnic and cultural identity and vigor Such endurance in the face of adversity inspires confidence in the future of this great nation Some of those who enjoy freedom – and often take it for granted – may have something to learn from Poland’s historical experience Read more THE REALM OF THE PIASTS – Piast dynasty 966 – 1370 Piast dynasty 966 – 1370 Organized Slavic states between the Oder and the Niemen River existed well before 10th century However it is the baptism of Poland in 966 that is considered an official beginning of the Polish state Since that moment Poland entered the realm of Western Civilization with Polish identity and the state structure shaped according to the Western model Baptism of Poland took place under pressure of dramatic events In the 10th century the expansion of the Teutonic tribes reached the Polanian territory Fighting as vassals of the Holy Roman Emperors the Saxons brought with them Christianity which they imposed with fire and sword In response a major ruler of the Western Slavs the Polanian Duke Mieszko I decided to accept baptism from the Bohemians together with a marriage to a Bohemian princess Dobrawa In this way not only did he save his lands from bloody crusades from the West but also created a new Christian potential power center in the East of Europe Read more Duke Mieszko I ca 960 – 992 The Duke of Poland and the first recognized Polish sovereign Mieszko I was the son of Siemomysl and father to Boleslav the Brave Having accepted baptism along with his people Mieszko I became the first Polish Christian duke and created the Polish state within Christendom Mieszko I employed both diplomatic alliances and the strategic use of force to extend frontiers of his realm Under his reign Greater Poland united with Kujavia Pomerania and Masovia and subsequently Silesia and Lesser Poland Read more King Boleslav the Brave 992-1025 The first crowned Polish king Boleslav previously reigned as duke of Bohemia in 1002-1003 He strove to secure Poland’s autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire then dominated by the Germans Boleslav furthered his father’s policy of diplomatic engagement and conquest A strategist Boleslav conducted wars against Moravia Red Ruthenia Slovakia Meissen Lusatia and Bohemia and established forts and bridges for Polands defense A statesman Boleslav mediated central European affairs promulgated law and introduced a Polish Archbishopric independent from its predecessor in Magdeburg while also founding new churches Read more King Mieszko II Lambert 1025-1031 King of Poland 1025-1031 and Duke of Poland 1032-1034 Mieszko II was renowned for his talent skill and education In both 1028 and 1030 Mieszko II led campaigns against Saxony Frequently embattled Mieszko II met a plethora of foes on the fieldincluding German Bohemian and Kievan princes Exiled in 1032 Mieszko II remained abroad for a while only to return to fight his brother Bezprym Although Mieszko II reunited Poland his brother denied him the crown by dispatching it to the German Emperor Suffering military and political reverses Poland under Mieszko II lost Lusatia the center of Red Ruthenia Moravia and Slovakia Read more King Casimir the Restorer 1039- 1058 Duke of Poland and monarch from 1034 until 1058 Casimir the Restorer united Polish territories and reclaimed Masovia Silesia and Pomerania for Poland Following arduous debates and litigation Casimir crafted a new foundation for the Polish state Casimir moved the capital from Gniezno to Cracow and founded a new chapel at Wawel to mark the new era By his careful hand the rule of law returned and a long lasting peace ensued Read more King Boleslav II the Bold 1076-1079 Duke of Poland 1058-1076 and King of Poland 1076-1079 Contemporaries and historians both regard Boleslav II as one of the most talented rulers of the Piast dynasty Boleslav pioneered a new Polish coinage to replace the foreign currency previously employed A patron of the Church Boleslav II reestablished the Archdiocese of Gniezno and founded the diocese of Plock For these efforts among others Boleslav became known as Szczodry the Generous Through his magnanimity new churches mints in Cracow and Wroclaw and other cultural and royal facilities appeared on Polish soil However an act of sacrilege tainted the reign of Boleslav II in 1079 In a fit of rage Boleslav drew his sword during a celebration of Holy Mass approached Bishop Stanislaw Kostka and cut him down upon the Cracow altar Horrified of his sin Boleslav fled Poland and spent the rest of his days in search of repentance Read more King Vladislav Herman 1079-1102 Duke and overlord of Poland 1081-1102 Vladislav Herman sponsored the foundation of new churches across Poland Migrating toward Jerusalem the Jews of Western Europe approached the borders of Vladislav’s Poland In an act of tolerance Vladislav received the Jewish migrants into Poland in 1096 Throughout his reign Vladislav retained power over the most important cities of Poland Read more King Boleslav III Wrymouth 1107-1138 Duke of Poland 1102-1138 Boleslav III earned his fame through his military campaigns to regain lost Polish territories His energy and resolve eroded the power of the German Emperor and the King of Bohemia a key German vassal With momentum unabated Boleslav III conquered Pomerania and incorporated Gdansk into the Polish Kingdom However Boleslav demonstrated diplomatic tact building friendly relations with the Kingdoms of Hungary and Kievan Rus Fearing fratricidal infighting Boleslav III issued his famous Succession Statute which divided Poland among his sons Despite his successes he also made some political errors Read more FRAGMENTATION OF POLAND 1138-1320 didnt recive text I only recived bullet point – should I cancel this card Read more King Boleslav IV the Curly 1146-1173 High Duke of Poland Duke of Silesia Duke of Masovia and Duke of Sandomierz Thanks to the patronage of the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy See Boleslav IV quickly acquired the title of Polish High Duke Loyally serving these pillars of Christendom Boleslav generously donated to the Church This magnanimity led to the foundation of churches and colleges in Wroclaw and other Polish cities Upon the fall of Vladislav II Boleslav IV seized the scepter of power Yet German power planted the seeds for his undoing Diplomacy yielded to armed conflict and the nephew of Frederick Barbarossa Conrad II commanded his legions eastward On the battlefield the earlier recognition of the Holy Roman Empire and the Holy See could not spare Boleslav IV from defeat Imposing the peace Conrad II dictated shameful terms and compelled Boleslav IV to accept the title of Vassal of the Empire All the while the brothers of Boleslav IV fell upon him in intrigue and even open rebellion Altogether the German peace and the fratricidal strife accelerated Poland’s political fragmentation Read more King Mieszko III the Old 1173- 1202 High Duke of Poland r 1173-1202 Duke of Greater Poland Mieszko III beheld the face of battle early on when he first became the Duke of Greater Poland At the time Vladislav II ordered a campaign against him and his brother Boleslav IV Surviving the attacks of Vladislav II Mieszko III united with German crusaders and departed as a member of the Northern Wendish Crusade against the Polabian Slavs in 1147 Astutely reading the tides of politics Mieszko III leveraged his influence to protect Polish interests in the Sprenave region In 1173 Mieszko III benefited from the Seniorate rule and became a High Duke of Poland Mieszko III realized that the politics of marriage could rival and surpass the spoils of war Marrying off his daughters Mieszko III ensured Polish sovereignty and stability in the Pomeranian duchy Yet when all else failed Mieszko III would don the garb of war as he did against Vladislav II – even against defiant relatives and his own rebellious son Odon Due to his turbulent world Mieszko III ruled from the saddle more than the council room Read more King Vladislav III the Spindleshanks 1202-1229 High Duke of Poland 1202-1206 and 1227-1229 Duke of Greater Poland Ascending to power Vladislav III became embroiled in conflict with his relatives over Seniorate rule Leszek the Whitethe son of Casimir II the Just occasioned the first confrontation by contesting Vladislav III’s rule in Cracow For a time the mighty voivode Mikolaj Gryffita supported the right of Vladislav III to Cracow However Gryffita’s shield crumbled with the warlord’s death in 1206 Politically disarmed Vladislav III wavered and Leszek the White pressed his advantage With the support of Cracow’s disgruntled nobles and the Pomeranians Leszek the White abolished the rule of Wladysalw III in Cracow Routed Vladislav III reorganized in order to parry the political and territorial ambitions of Vladislav Odonic Yet as Vladislav III departed Cracow’s nobility began to regret abandoning their former sovereign Basking in his triumph Leszek the White travelled to the Congress of Gasawa yet he did not suspect the treachery of his erstwhile Pomeranian allies Launching a surprise attack the Pomeranian forces slew Leszek the White leaving Cracow leaderless Read more King Boleslav the Chaste 1243-1279 High Duke of Poland r 1243-1279 Duke of Sandomierz son of Leszek the White and the last of the Piasts of Lesser Poland But a child Boleslav tasted political oppression when Konrad I of Masovia imprisoned both he and his mother The darkness of the prison cell soon reflected the darkness over the land when the Mongol horde charged over the horizon In 1241 the knights of Christendom met the Mongol invaders outside of Legnica but like so many others the knights fell beneath the Mongol hooves Escaping with his mother and wife Boleslav took refuge in Hungary returning to Poland only as an adult Never forgetting his childhood imprisonment Boleslav fought against Konrad I from Hungary and devoted his energies in support Boleslav the Pious Despite external calamities Boleslav refused to neglect internal priorities: under his watchful eye the urban centers grew the Church enjoyed political and financial support and he reformed the salt mines Many remember him for his efforts to ensure the canonization of Bishop Stanislaw of Szczepanow Read more King Przemysl II 1295 – 1296 King of Poland 1295-1296 Duke of Poznan Cracow and Gdansk After many languid years Poland regained its status as a kingdom under the reign of Przemysl II However Przemysl II traversed a jagged treacherous road to the throne Both Henry IV Probus and Vladislav the Elbow-high coveted Cracows throne Despite the competition Przemysl II advanced undeterred and in tandem with Archbishop Jakub Swinka Przemysl II sought to reunify the Polish lands To his chagrin the powerful Przemyslid dynasty pressured him mercilessly With no avenues of escape Przemysl II yielded the Cracow throne to the pretender Wenceslaus II of Bohemia In defiance Przemysl II united with Vladislav the Elbow-high and Casimir II of Leczyca in 1293 Their triumvirate vowed to struggle against Bohemians until the recovery of Cracow In the year 1295 Przemysl II reached the pinnacle: the pretender dethroned Archbishop Swinka crowned Przemysl II King of Poland and the newly inherited Pomerelia Alas circumstance and conspiracy deprived Przemysl II of a peaceful reign Read more King Vladislav the Elbow-high 1320-1333 King of Poland r 1320-1333 Thanks to the efforts of Vladislav the Elbow-high Poland at last reunited A statesman par-excellence Vladislav inspired his men on the battlefield judiciously administered his lands and navigated hazardous diplomatic waters Vladislav secured his throne in 1320 after routing the Przemyslid Bohemian dynasty then ruled by John of Luxembourg With the Przemyslids defeated Vladislav girded himself to face a long insurmountable foe: the Teutonic order Receiving an invitation from Konrad of Masovia the Teutonic Order had arrived in 1226 and had ensconced itself in Polish lands After meticulous preparation Vladislav and his army defeated the Teutonic Order in the Battle of Plowce in 1331 Having defeated rival powers Vladislav attended to reform Under his reign the Kingdom of Poland received a unified legal code Read more King Casimir III the Great 1333-1370 King of Poland 1333-1370 Casimir III presided over the end of the Piast dynasty but he nonetheless established himself as a talented and renowned Polish king Building upon his father’s reforms Casimir III reformed the army doubled the extent of the Polish frontier established first Polish University in Cracow 1364 reformed legal system and oversaw the explosion of newly founded cities castles and towns Even as he expanded Poland Casimir III loyally retained the guarantees of his father to Polish Jews Under Casimir III the Jewish communities not only continued to enjoy their former privileges but watched as Casimir III supported Jewish settlement in Poland Tragedy struck when Casimir III departed on a hunting expedition Severely injured during the hunt Casimir III met an untimely end With no male heirs the laws of succession dictated that Luis I of Hungary receive the crown As the result of this succession the first personal Union between Poland and Hungary emerged Read more King Luis I of Hungary 1370-1382 King of Hungary Croatia and Poland 1370-1382 A distant distracted monarch Luis I attended to his subjects in Hungary more than his newly acquired Polish ones Inevitably Luis I engendered great feelings of consternation and bitterness among the Poles Defying his obligation to his godfather Casimir III Luis I refused to recover the Polish lands of Silesia Pomerania and Masovia Pondering the status of his progeny Luis I hoped to transfer the privilege of succession to his descendant daughters To ensure this Luis I introduced Privilege of Koszyce in 1374 Through the agreement the Polish nobility bestowed the right of succession to the king’s daughter Hedwig In return Luis I released the nobility from a number of financial military and infrastructural burdens The Privilege virtually abolished tribute to the monarch excepting a small duty on individual fields Regarding defense the nobility no longer carried the obligation to build and maintain castles in the West nor the expectation to pay the wages for soldiers Finally the nobility no longer bore the burden for the construction of towns and bridges as well as for preparations for the court’s travel expenses within the kingdom Read more Queen Hedwig d’Anjou 1384- 1399 First female King of Poland 1384-1399 and later a Saint of Roman Catholic Church canonized in 1997 At the beginning of her reign Hedwig faced the prospect of marriage at every turn Asserting their authority the Polish nobility from Lesser Poland refused the pre-arranged marriage with Wilhelm of the Habsburgs Instead Hedwig offered her hand to Vladislav of the Lithuanian House of Jogaila To marry Hedwig Vladislav Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo The Union obligated him to Christian baptism and the subsequent conversion of Lithuania to the Christian faith In 1386 Vladislav Jogaila married Hedwig and received a crown yet Hedwig maintained her title as King of Poland Hedwig stands out as one of the most unique sovereigns of the medieval world A woman amidst a world dominated by men Hedwig exhibited an aptitude for negotiation and strategy that rivalled her predecessors and contemporaries All the while her husband Vladislav strictly cooperated with her Expanding the kingdom Hedwig marches with the Polish army to Ruthenia and then persuaded Ruthenian people to become subjects of Polish crown Read more THE JAGIELLONIAN REALM 1386-1573 The successor of the last Polish Piast king was Hedwig d’Anjou his grandniece Her marriage to the Lithuania’s Grand Duke Yogaila Jagiełło in 1386 marks the beginning of the Jagiellonian rule in Poland Hedvig D’Anjou was crowned the king of Poland and Yogaila was crowned as her consort Their marriage meant a political and military alliance against a common foe of Poland and Lithuania the Teutonic Knights Although almost three times younger than Yogaila Hedvig took active part in government strengthening Poland and undermining the position of the Teutonic Order in that part of Europe After Hedvig d’Anjou died in childbirth in 1399 Yogaila negotiated with the Polish nobles the prolongation of his term as a king of Poland Ultimately he started the next dynasty of Polish kings the Dynasty of Jagiellons The integration process was accelerated by the last Jagiellonian king Sigismund Augustus Realizing that he would die issueless the monarch decided that only a federal union between the two realms would make the system permanent Read more King Vladislav II Jagiello 1386 – 1434 King of Poland 1386-1399 alongside Hedwig 1399-1434 as sole King and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1377-1434 Thanks to marriage with Hedwig Vladislav II accepted the Christian faith and inherited one of the most powerful Kingdoms of the high middle ages Emulating him Lithuania converted to Christianity thereby founding the Polish- Lithuanian Union which would endure until 1795 Other than Vladislav the Elbow-high Vladislav II accrued fame as one of the only monarchs to openly confront and defeat the Teutonic Order Vladislav II’s victory at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 enabled him to procure the Thorn Peace Treaty which stabilized the Polish-Lithuanian borders Moving beyond the shadow of war Vladislav II inaugurated Polands Golden Age Following the trend of Luis I Vladislav II granted more privileges to the Polish nobility Read more King Vladislav III 1434-1444 King of Poland 1434-1444 Hungary and Croatia 1440-1444 Dismissed as young and immature Vladislav III did not inspire respect from the Polish nobility As a result Vladislav III reigned in the shadow of the powerful chancellor Olesnicki Yet Olesnickis shadow did not relegate Vladislav III to obscurity In 1440 the Kingdom of Hungary offered Vladislav III the crown The Polish nobility objected but Vladislav III accepted thereby provoking a two year conflict with the opposing claimant Queen Elisabeth from Hungary Impressed with the young ruler Pope Eugene IV endorsed the claim of Vladislav III granting the support of the Papacy Aligned against Vladislav III and the pope Queen Elisabeth collapsed in defeat and reign of Vladislav III touched the shores of the Baltic Black and Adriatic Seas Alas peace eluded Vladislav III: he consolidated his kingdom only to witness Turkish sabers menace Christendom Read more King Casimir IV Jagiellon 1444-1492 King of Poland 1444-1492 and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1440- 1492 recipient of the English Order of Garter KG Born the youngest son of Vladislav II Jagiello Casimir IV grew alongside the burgeoning Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth To the bafflement of the Polish nobility the Lithuanian nobility proclaimed Casimir IV Grand Duke of Lithuania after the sudden death of Sigismund Kestutaitis in 1440 The Lithuanian decision bore political fruits Casimir IV bestowed upon the Lithanian nobility the rights his father had to the Polish All the while Casimir IV tended to Lithuanias national spirit: he promised that no Pole would receive a Lithuanian office and vowed to protect the borders of both nations Having molded his governing abilities as a Lithuanian Duke Casimir IV received the Polish throne after a three-year interregnum In interstate affairs Casimir IV proved his mettle against the Teutonic Order Casimir IV crafted an alliance with the Order but once more conflict proved inevitable resulting in the Thirteen Years War Read more King John I Albert 1492 – 1501 King of Poland 1492- 1501 Young bold and but a prince John I distinguished himself at the Battle of Kopersztyn in 1487 where he routed an opposing Tartar force Alas John I fared not as well against the Hungarians In 1490 the Hungarian nobility proclaimed him King of Hungary and John I departed to accept the offered crown Yet King Vladislaus II would frustrate the young prince Their armies clashed and Vladislaus II defeated the hero of Kopersztyn While Hungary eluded him Poland embraced John I Supported by the Archbishops of Gniezno and Cracow and his brother Fredrich John I was crowned Polish king in 1492 Although this new authority came with a cost: the Polish nobility obligated John I to devolve more prerogatives to them and away from the crown To the great delight of the nobility John I signed the Privilege of Piotrkow in 1496 The privilege declared that only nobles held the right to buy and sell properties Talk of privileges occupied a secondary place in the consciousness of John I A protector and champion of Christendom John I yearned to lead a crusade against the Ottoman invaders and defeat them as he routed the Tartars a decade earlier Read more King Alexander I Jagiellon 1501 – 1506 Grand Duke of Lithuania r 1492-1506 and King of Poland r 1501-1506 Born the heir of Casimir IV Jagiellon Alexander I granted the Polish Senate the Privilege of Legislative Initiative in 1501 in Milnik and the Nihil Novi Constitution From henceforth every new right introduced required the consent of the Szlachta Unfortunately a lack of strategic vision inhibited Alexander I as a statesman When the Teutonic Order Tsar Ivan III and the Tartars united against him the onslaught proved too much too bear Read more King Sigismund I the Old 1507 – 1548 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1507- 1548 The life of Sigismund I is one of vaunted successes The first achievement came in 1525 when Albert von Hohenzollern bent the knee Upon receiving homage from Albert Sigismund I gained suzerainty over Ducal Prussia Not only Albert recognized the ability and grace of Sigismund I the subjects of Silesia recognized the king as Duke and enabled him to incorporate Masovia into Polish kingdom in 1529 Territorial ambition did not subvert the taste of Sigismund I for all things sublime and lofty Encouraged by his wife Bona of the Italian House of Sforza Sigismund I became a great patron of culture and the arts and renowned Italian artists accepted his invitations to Poland Yet to protect Poland’s flowering culture Sigismund I accepted the call to battle Under his command Polish armies defeated both Moldavians and Muscovites in respectively 1531 and 1535 The domestic field posed obstacles to Sigismund I but did not waver in his efforts to secure reform and prosperity Read more King Sigismund II Augustus 1548 – 1572 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1548-1572 The sun set on the Jagiellonian kings once Sigismund II passed from the mortal world but the Polish elective monarchy through Union of Lublin endeared him to memory In 1569 the Union of Lublin laid the cornerstone of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Confident and unbowed Sigismund II strengthened the new Commonwealth by absorbing Livonia after the Knights of the Sword Order collapsed and by establishing a strategic alliance with the Habsburgs With a gentle smile and sleek tongue Sigismund II knew how to the win hearts minds and coin of the Polish Nobility Carrying a deep appreciation for architecture Sigismund II aided the foundation or restoration of Wawel Warsaw Royal Castle Vilnius Castle and Niepolomice Castle Further embodying the Renaissance spirit Sigismund II collected exquisite jewels and fine art Read more ELECTIVE MONARCHY 1573-1795 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Nation and Society 15-18th Centuries The nobles in the Commonwealth were the political nation They co-existed with other social groups which altogether outnumbered them probably 1 to 10 Peasants constituted the majority of the population They were usually Catholic or Orthodox Until the late 16th century village commune was the basis for the local limited self-government Rustic elders ran their community affairs turning to either the priest or the lord to decide on more complicated issues In the 17th century the increase of demand for Polish grain resulted in the rise of preference for serfdom over rent farming by the peasants Nonetheless despite restrictions on movement of the peasants many of them avoided control and either travelled seasonally or fled to settle in the eastern borderlands Those who remained in serfdom especially in small and medium estates could rely on a fairly personalized relationship with the land-owner or his farm manager Read more King Henry Valois 1573-1575 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1573-1575 King of France 1574-1589 After many years of constitutional changes the Commonwealth awed the European world by freely electing their monarch an achievement never before demonstrated in the history of Poland However the nomination and election of Henry de Valois provoked controversy The Polish nobility balked at the cultural differences between the French king and themselves nor did Henry de Valois remain content with his elected throne When the French throne beckoned Henry Valois furtively departed the Commonwealth However Polish culture left a deep imprint on Henry de Valois: having witnessed both a fork and a toilet he fixedly determined that France should not go without! Nonetheless Henry de Valois fixed his name to Henry’s Articles: the Pacta Conventa and the Warsaw Confederation The former established constitutions to regulate legal system within the Commonwealth the latter guaranteed religious freedom to all Read more Queen Anna Jagiellon 1575 – 1586 King of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania by her own right from 1575 to 1586 With the abdication of Henry de Valois the Polish nobility elected Anna Jagiellon and her fiancé Stephan Bathory as co-rulers in the 1576 election Dividing the obligations of the realm Anna conducted internal affairs and administration Stephan Bathory oversaw military campaigns and questions of foreign affairs Later in life the reins of power lay before her Yet Anna sacrificed the opportunity Instead Anna promoted young Sigismund III of the Swedish House of Vasa as heir to the Polish crown Read more King Stephen Bathory 1576-1586 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Prince of Transylvania 1576-1586 Despite his short decade in power Stephen Bathory proved a model of judicious governance Two phases defined the reign of Stephen Bathory: the contest with Maximilian and his tenure afterwards Maximilian ruled as Holy Roman Emperor to the west and had set his sights upon the Commonwealth As imperial hand grasped for Polish lands rebellion erupted destabilizing the domestic sphere Although Stephen Bathory did not reign without friends Aided by the talented Chancellor Jan Zamoyski Stephen Bathory faced down Maximilian and brought order to the Commonwealth His authority consolidated Bathory entered the second phase of his reign reforming the Commonwealths institutions and protecting her people Administratively Bathory reorganized Judical system and procured Sejm approval for additional taxes for a more permanent army: Piechota Wybraniecka’a peasant infantry formation Not neglecting his Lithuanian subjects Bathory founded the University of Vilnius Read more King Sigismund III Vasa 1587-1632 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1587-1632 and King of Sweden 1592-1599 Despite receiving the Polish throne Sigismund III yearned for what he had lost and for what he had yet to gain His first major foreign expedition transpired against his old home: Sweden In 1599 Sigismund IIIs revolting subjects deposed him from the Swedish throne Sigismund III vowed this would not stand and invaded Despite initial military success Sigismund III never reversed his depositionthe failure sowed the seeds for future Polish-Swedish animosity Thwarted Sigismund III glanced toward Muscovy and perceived chaos pretenders and rebellionthe Time of Troubles In 1610-12 Sigismund III invaded to stem the chaos and eliminate Muscovy as a rival once and for all he would place his son on the Muscovite throne Having captured Moscow and Smolensk Sigismund III believed he had triumphed but faced with insurrection the campaign ultimately failed Between 1617-1621 the Ottoman threat summoned Sigismund III and his forces to Moldova alas this left his northern flank exposed Read more King Vladislav IV Vasa 1632-1648 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1632-1648 and Tsar of All-Russia 1610-1613 Vladislav IV earned the respect and admiration of his subjects for his meticulous care ensuring the security and prosperity of the Commonwealth To the west Vladislav IV regained the costal territories from Sweden by signing peace treaty in Sztumska Wies in 1635 All the while Vladislav IV sought to strengthen Polands ties with the Hapsburgs To the east Muscovite and Ottoman legions threatened the security of the Commonwealth Although the Ottoman hand began to sicken and break before the armies of Vladislav IV the Muscovite hand grew stronger and bolder The new Romanov dynasty had not forgotten when Waldislaw IV sat upon the Tsarist throne they certainly had not forgotten that he still possessed Smolensk The Muscovite forces besieged Smolensk but Vladislav IV led the Commonwealth forces to relieve the beleaguered city The victory did not procure absolute security: throughout the European world military reform and innovation raised Europe’s status yet created a political tapestry ever more dangerous Read more King Michael I Wisniowiecki 1669-1673 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1669-1673 Crippled and broken the Commonwealth suffered further during the reign of Michael I The new sovereign served as little more than a political doll yanked back and forth between the courts of Hapsburgs and Bourbons Eventually the Hapsburgs won possession of Michael I but this by no means rescued the gaunt ailing body of the Commonwealth Ill but not exhausted the Turks fell upon the poor Michael I eager to seize a piece of the Ukrainian territory from the Commonwealth Read more King John III Sobieski 1674-1696 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1674-1696 John III inherited the Commonwealth in chaos but this would not intimidate him Widely reputed as the last successful Polish king John III was a patron of Polish culture a skillful strategist and endowed with great political foresight Inaugurating the Sobieski dynasty John III envisioned a unique European role in the world a world in which a reformed Poland would serve as a leader and exemplar In particular the vision of John III meant saving European Christendom from Islamic invaders once and for all The first campaign of 1674 and 1675 restored flagging morale in the Commonwealth by defeating the Turkish-Tartar coalition to the south Since the defeat of Michale I Turkish and Tartar armies held southern Polish cities and the Commonwealth’s southernmost reaches imprisoned Rallying his men John III campaigned against the occupiers ferociously and by the end of the campaign the south rejoined the Commonwealth in liberty But a few years later fearsome words emanated from Vienna: the Ottoman horde marches once more Answering the call John III rode to the aid of Vienna once more besieged Read more FALL OF THE STATE 1696-1795 didnt recive text I only recived bullet point – should I cancel this card Read more King August II the Strong 1697-1733 Elector of Saxony 1694-1733 King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania 1697-1733 August II became founded the House Wettin on the Polish throne Known for his incredible strength the Polish nobility hoped he would prove an equally strong sovereign At first August II showed great promise: he had converted to Catholicism to share communion with his new subjects continued his generous support for artists vanquished the Turks from Kamieniec Podolski in 1699 and introduced the Order of the White Eagle Yet August II failed to emulate the grandeur of John III Sobieski and failures plagued his reign Not averse to bribery August II enriched amenable Polish magnates to support his interestseven at the expense of the Commonwealth Most notably August II yearned to topple Swedish power by aligning with Tsar and future Russian Emperor Peter the Great To achieve this August II entered into the Great Northern War alongside Russians Danes and Prussians However the brash August II underestimated his Swedish antagonist: the new king Charles XII Read more King Stanislaw I Leszczynski 1706-1736 King of Poland Grand Duke of Lithuania 1706-1709 1733-1736 Duke of Lorraine and Count of the Holy Roman Empire A protégé of Swedish king Charles XII of Sweden Stanislaw I owed his throne to the initial victories of the Swedish forces in 1706-1709 With the major Russian victory at Poltava Sweden retreated and left Stanislaw I with neither friends nor a patron Determined to survive Stanislaw I fled after the Swedes but awaited a new opportunity to return to the Commonwealth Augustus II died in 1733 and Stanislaw I seized the moment With French political support Stanislaw I returned to the Polish throne but he remained but a pawn to the ever-growing empires of Europe Aghast at the prospect of a Swedish-French alliance the Austrian and Russian Empires flagrantly intervened in Polish domestic affairs and deposed Stanislaw I Caught between giants the Polish Sejm yielded and agreed to elect Frederick Augustus II as the new Polish king The Sejm pliant the Peace of Vienna in 1738 legitimized the deposition of Stanislaw I and the installation of Frederick Augustus II crowned Augustus III Read more King Augustus III 1734-1763 King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1734-1763 Elector of Saxony Emulating his father Augustus III joined Roman Catholic Church in 1712 Alas Augustus III then fatally emulated his father in another way: involving the Commonwealth in international conflicts Abusing his royal prerogative Augustus III foisted the chaos of the Austrian succession onto the Polish nobles and military In both the War of the Austrian Succession 1742 and the Seven Years War 1756 Augustus III clung to the side of Austria expending Polish lives and arms with scant strategic gain to the Commonwealth Preferring his Saxon lands Augustus III rarely visited the Commonwealth in person and the Czartoryski and Poniatowski magnate families expanded their influence at the expense of the Polish crown Menacingly the Commonwealths old Muscovite nemesis had completely evolved into the Russian Empire abetted by a German princess from Anhalt-Zerbst: Catherine the Great Catherine the Great felt no compunction to respect the sovereignty of Augustus III and her envoys manipulated and molded politics in the ailing Commonwealth Read more King Stanislaw II Augustus Poniatowski 1764-1795 Last King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania 1764-1795 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth needed a miracle but she received Stanislaw II – one of the most controversial rulers in Polish history Indisputably Stanislaw II harbored honest intentions for he desperately wanted the Polish Lazarus to walk out of his tomb Yet Stanislaw II had neither the character nor the virtue essential to such an audacious political resurrection Preferring the court culture of the times Stanislaw II was erudite cultured and transfixed by the Enlightenment This upbringing endeared him to Catherine the Great and Stanislaw II shared her bed as a lover yet Catherine’s bed was not the place to conceive a Polish resurrection Entranced Stanislaw II lay helpless as his beloved schemed to partition his homeland Nonetheless Stanislaw II invested what meager effort remained to preserve Polish vital heritage and futilely reform the Commonwealth During his reign the first European constitution came into existence the Constitution of 3 May in 1793 – the second in the world! Read more THE PARTITIONS 1795-1918 The partitions lasted 123 years adding new elements to the Polish identity depending on the conditions dictated by a given partitioning power Although the customs of the Commonwealth were preserved on large noble estates the old noble political nation lost its rights and gradually its economic standing What endured was their sense of obligation to serve Other strata of society inhabiting former Commonwealth lands were gradually gaining their separate national identity Unless they assimilated in the Polish culture their nascent identity was predicated on a radical break with the past With regards to political and economic life Poles were reacting to the policies of the partitioners which led to the cycles of liberalization and repression occurring periodically in all parts of subjugated Commonwealth In general all Poles agreed about the necessity of the restoration of the Commonwealth They disagreed however on the means that were supposed to lead to it Three approaches can be enumerated here: armed struggle as the only way to freedom evolutionary road to freedom which did not exclude ultimate armed confrontation and tri-loyalism subservient cooperation with each of the partitioning powers Read more THE OLD-NEW COMMONWEALTH: RESSURRECTION 1914-1921 In 1918 the Commonwealth was restored albeit within changed borders They extended farther in the south to include Silesia but much of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the east had been irrevocably lost The Poles named their state the Polish Commonwealth Rzeczpospolita Polska The name signified continuity with past ideals acknowledged new conditions of the modern era and the Polish ethnos which had been responsible for Poland’s resurrection Nevertheless the new commonwealth inherited diversified ethnic structure of the old one which in the modern era tainted with totalitarianism was bound to result in certain difficulties Read more THE OLD NEW COMMONWEALTH: INTERWAR 1918-1939 In 1918 the Commonwealth was restored albeit within changed borders They extended farther in the south to include Silesia but much of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the east had been irrevocably lost The Poles named their state the Polish Commonwealth Rzeczpospolita Polska The name signified continuity with past ideals acknowledged new conditions of the modern era and the Polish ethnos which had been responsible for Poland’s resurrection Nevertheless the new commonwealth inherited diversified ethnic structure of the old one which in the modern era tainted with totalitarianism was bound to result in certain difficulties Read more Resources Timeline Inspiration / Idea – Lady Blanka Rosenstiel Text: historic content – Prof Marek Chodakiewicz Design – Ewa Mitera Images sources: – Paintings of All Kings: Fellowship of the Kings and Princes of Poland author painter Jan Matejko artist biography – Prehistory photo fot G Solecki/A Piętak – Jagielonian coat of arms and – Piast coat of arms – Józef Piłsudski Ignacy Paderewski images wikipediacom – Polish history map image wikipediacom Read more |
1 |
|
Moscow Orthodox Leaders Cooperated with KGB Did to Show Loyalty and Help Church Putin’s Man in ROC MP Says |
1 |
|
Crimea has been stolen from Tretyakov gallery in Moscow |
1 |
|
Moscow2 |
1 |
|
Blueberry Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
privetgallery privet gallery Moscow |
1 |
|
A Citrus Twist On The Classic Moscow Mule Cocktail |
1 |
|
Análisis【NCM Moscow】- Mejor Bicicleta Eléctrica de Montaña 2019 |
1 |
|
What you can read on Moscownightguide |
1 |
|
NCM Moscow 48V 13Ah E-MTB |
1 |
|
Случайный проект: Minecraft Moscow |
1 |
|
Ремонт сотовых телефонов и цифровой техники в сервисном центре GsmMoscow |
1 |
|
JSC “INSTITUTE HYDROPROJECT” Moscow |
1 |
|
APARTMENT RENTALS IN PULLMAN WASHINGTON AND MOSCOW IDAHO |
1 |
|
From Moscow Russia |
1 |
|
Sp Moscow at Jokerit |
1 |
|
My name is Ivan and I’ve been living in Moscow for over three yearsAfter spending thousand of hours dating beautiful Russian women I became an expert at dating them as a foreignerLearn from me how to attract date and build strong bonds with Russian women by overcoming the cultural barrierLearn the 5 Secret Cultural Hacks That Will Make Russian Women Beg for A Second Date |
1 |
|
The Battle For Moscow |
1 |
|
Crimea’s Russians who backed Anschluss now turning against Moscow Vasiliyev says |
1 |
|
CHALAMA PROJECT – Bai Taiga Rich Taiga folk words and music– MMDM / MOSCOW 2015 |
1 |
|
Putin’s adviser Surkov and former DPR head Borodai hold Donbas militants congress in Moscow |
1 |
|
Du lịch Nga – Khám phá nước Nga: Moscow – Saint Petersburg |
1 |
|
XXIV международная выставка Interlight Moscow |
1 |
|
Prominent American investor detained in Moscow |
1 |
|
Молния 1967 г «Pilot Watch Moscow» 3602 |
1 |
|
CSKA Moscow clash in pictures |
1 |
|
Enter Shikari – Take To The SkiesLive In Moscow May 2017 Live CD 2019 |
1 |
|
Meet Bibars Natcho the Muslim CSKA Moscow midfielder that became Israel’s first ever non-Jewish captain |
1 |
|
Добро пожаловать в школу бокса в Москве MoscowBoxing! |
1 |
|
ADCC MOSCOW CUP 2019 |
1 |
|
07:00 Rhythmic Gymnastics Grand Prix Moscow |
1 |
|
MLSS19 – Moscow Russia |
1 |
|
Moscow Family Eye Care |
1 |
|
Moscow hides its effort to weaken larger non-Russian nations by playing up |
1 |
|
Bão tuyết mạnh tại Moscow Nga |
1 |
|
MOSCOW – MARCH |
1 |
|
This autumn we’ll be in Berlin Moscow Paris Bali and London We hope to see you there! |
1 |
|
МОКРЫЕ Project – Moscow НЕБО |
1 |
|
Sara Louise’s Keto Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
FEATURED DRINK: Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
✅Без предоплаты ✅Только отличное качество ‼Сотни моделей в наличии на складе в Москве 💲Цены от 999 руб Размеры от XXS до XXXL также есть детские Удобные варианты доставки Россия СНГ ЕВРОПА Курьеры почта возможность оплаты при получении Jersey LA Lakers 23 JAMES LEBRON NBA Basketball uniforms from the United States basketball sneakers and everything for basketball No prepayments Just great quality Hundreds of models available in stock in Moscow Humane price Available sizes from XXS – XXXL also has a children’s sizes Worldwide Shipping Orders are accepted via our website: wwwformabasketcom phone: 74994992399 e-mail: zakazformabasketcom VIBER WHATSAPP 79263004186 |
1 |
|
Москва Moscow – Kazan Cathedral Казанский собор |
1 |
|
Moscow™ |
1 |
|
Pre Game Notes – CSKA Moscow vs Olympiacos |
1 |
|
CPM Moscow: программа и участники 32-й выставки |
1 |
|
Communism in Modern Moscow: Vadim Kumin |
1 |
|
Athens-Moscow-Bremen Workshop EELS- and Light Scattering Simulation 2018 |
1 |
|
Основные услуги компании GsmMoscow |
1 |
|
Tractor Chelyabinsk at Dyn Moscow |
1 |
|
→O Securika Moscow 2019 |
1 |
|
Festivals to Enjoy in Moscow |
1 |
|
moscowwalksru |
1 |
|
Лучший проект недели по мнению редакции: «TWICE TWO EQUALS FIVE MOSCOW 2013» – Ольга Ступенко |
1 |
|
Set de regalo de tazas Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
Наш Instagram portupeyamoscow |
1 |
|
Antique Russian Niello Silver Cigarette Case Moscow 1873 |
1 |
|
Moscow |
1 |
|
Epic Tran-Siberian ExpeditionMoscow to Vladivostok Russia |
1 |
|
Ivanka Trump claims she “barely” knew about Trump Moscow proposal |
1 |
|
Netanyahu shelter to Moscow |
1 |
|
CIS Wealth Moscow Conference amp Expo |
1 |
|
Moscow urges Pentagon to reconsider its Syria strategy amp INF Treaty withdrawal |
1 |
|
Parks to visit in Moscow |
1 |
|
✅Без предоплаты ✅Только отличное качество 💲Цены от 999 руб Размеры от XXS до XXXL также есть детские Удобные варианты доставки Россия СНГ ЕВРОПА Курьеры почта возможность оплаты при получении Jersey Boston Celtics 20 Gordon Hayward No prepayments Just great quality Hundreds of models available in stock in Moscow Affordable prices Available sizes from XXS – XXXL also has a children’s sizes Worldwide Shipping |
1 |
|
Athens-Moscow-Bremen Workshop |
1 |
|
Moscow Metro Architecture amp Design Map |
1 |
|
Radik Tyulyush on SVOIO RADIO by Semion Chaika Moscow – Chalama Project Live |
1 |
|
11INTERAUTO MOSCOW 2015 |
1 |
|
Joker in Moscow |
1 |
|
Georgy Nelepp Tenor Bobruika Ukraine 20 April 1904 – Moscow 18 June 1957 |
1 |
|
Rain in Moscow |
1 |
|
Moscow backs Hizballah ahead of Netanyahu visit eyes Lebanon’s gas |
1 |
|
Traditional Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
Krakow Moscow Bucharest |
1 |
|
Emanuele Cisi – Masterclass at Bird Sax Boutique in Moscow 2018 – English Language |
1 |
|
Hookah Services in moscow |
1 |
|
Tallinn to Moscow by … |
1 |
|
Spy Moscow |
1 |
|
Jersey LAKERS 9 RAJON RONDO No prepayments Just great quality Hundreds of models available in stock in Moscow Affordable price Available sizes from XXS – XXXL also has a children’s sizes Worldwide Shipping |
1 |
|
Need For Russia 4 Moscow Nights |
1 |
|
Royal Moscow Ballet’s SA tour to kick off at the Linder Auditorium in March 11 hours ago |
1 |
|
Interview: 7D6N Trans-Siberia Train from Vladivostok to Moscow |
1 |
|
ДОМ и САД Moscow Garden Show 2019 |
1 |
|
CHALAMA PROJECT – MOSCOW 2015 |
1 |
|
Watch Newcastle v CSKA Moscow Live on TV – At a price |
1 |
|
Rich Culture and History of Moscow |
1 |
|
Dr Vinni SandhuMD Moscow |
1 |
|
Отчет с концерта Animal ДжаZ 26 ноября в YOTASPACE Moscow |
1 |
|
Frocking All Over The World – Moscow Russia |
1 |
|
Mining – Visit us at IMPC 2018 exhibition – Moscow Russia – September 16-18 2018 |
1 |
|
Schneider Electric Innovation Summit Moscow на выставке «Нефтегаз-2019» |
1 |
|
Moscow Nightlife Bars Nightclubs amp Tips |
1 |
|
Moscow Casting Group В полнометражный фильм под рабочим названием «Выбор» Для групповки Нужны игровые типажи: Мужчины- |
1 |
|
Independent escort girls in Moscow |
1 |
|
We believe that there are a huge number of beautiful places in the world New York City Sydney Singapore London Amsterdam Dubai Moscow and more – every location will become closer to you Simply search and compare the best prices with our travel finder |
1 |
|
How Moscow showed a DC native that we deserve better transit |
1 |
|
نمایشگاه بین المللی نان و شیرینی Modern Bakery Moscow مسکو روسیه 2019 |
1 |
|
MBA Moscow W – Nadezhda W |
1 |
|
Spartak Moscow W – Dynamo Kursk W |
1 |
|
Rafa’s review: CSKA Moscow reaction |
1 |
|
Seasonal Guide to Moscow: Winter |
1 |
|
hypnosismoscow |
1 |
|
SHIGERU BAN AT THE GORKY PARK MOSCOW |
1 |
|
Moscow Mule Info |
1 |
|
Rendőrakadémia 7: Moszkvai küldetés /Police Academy: Mission to Moscow/ |
1 |
|
Moscow Mules |
1 |
|
Er Le Changys Fate of a lonely man folk tune and words MMDM / MOSCOW 2015 |
1 |
|
A bank branch vandalized in Moscow |
1 |
|
Bayern Munich vs Khimki Moscow: Preview Prediction and Betting Tips |
1 |
|
Moscow goes Dutch and sees red |
1 |
|
Mistake Fare: Sydney to Moscow from 464 Return British Airways |
1 |
|
21 Yrs Female Moscow |
1 |
|
Krampus the Fearsome Christmas Horned Lee: Weird Psychological Lovecraftian Development of Stained Glass in Gothic Art Architecture Painting Sculpture Across to an Every Day Living in Contemporary Moscow Tattoo Convention returns June in Russia |
1 |
|
Cheap Hotels In Moscow |
1 |
|
Liam Kennedy’s player ratings: How Miguel Almiron and his Newcastle United team-mates fared in CSKA Moscow draw |
1 |
|
Почему стоит сдавать IELTS в BKC-IH Moscow IELTS Test Centre |
1 |
|
Latest News from The Moscow Times |
1 |
|
Миссия клуба Moscowboxing |
1 |
|
SUNN O – НЕЖИТЬ: живьeм в России NOLIFE: Alive in Moscow |
1 |
|
Michael Rooker will be visiting South Korea Moscow Berlin and more this year! |
1 |
|
MOSCOW CITY BALLET TO PERFORM ROMEO amp JULIET AT DUBAI OPERA |
1 |
|
A Trans-Mongolian Adventure: Riding the Rails from Moscow to Beijing |
1 |
|
CSKA Moscow – Podolsk |
1 |
|
Newcastle United in Spain: Liam Kennedy video diary with injury update CSKA Moscow analysis plus Miguel Almiron latest |
1 |
|
Как бояре Божену на Cosmoscow гоняли |
1 |
|
imamuramoscow Мы берeм за правило раздавать подарки чтобы повысить вовлечeнность в аккаунт Сегодня объявляем очередную Игру! |
1 |
|
Radik Tyulyush on SVOIO RADIO by Semion Chaika Moscow – Chalama Project |
1 |
|
The Train to Moscow |
1 |
|
CD – Radio Moscow – New Beginnings Digipack |
1 |
|
Mike Shinoda Soundcheck Sessions: Live in Moscow |
1 |
|
Michael Jackson – Stranger in Moscow |
1 |
|
RIPPP OPEN HOUSE EVENT WITH Moscow State University |
1 |
|
SUPER BOWL GRAND MOSCOW PARTY |
1 |
|
World War 3 Adds TDM Moscow map Server Browser and Other Key Improvements in 04 Update |
1 |
|
Dmitri Tarkhov Tenor Penza Russia March 30 1890 – Moscow Russia October 5 1966 |
1 |
|
Тел:7 495 505-24-66 Стандартная дом 6 Russia MoscowЧасы работы: Пн-Пт 10:00-19:00 Сб 10:00-18:00 МСК |
1 |
|
Visiting Wunderkind Independent Watchmaker Konstantin Chaykin In Moscow Video |
1 |
|
032C Berlin 4COLUMNS 8-BALL TV AAAARG ART AGAINST ART Berlin ART in AMERICA ARTFORUM ART NEWS ART REVIEW ATLANTIC BAFFLER New York BIDOUN BOMB New York BRAND-NEW-LIFE Zürich BROOKLYN RAIL The CREATIVE INDEPENDENT COMMUNE MAGAZINE CONTEMPORARY ART DAILY CONTEMPORARY ART WRITING DAILY DISART DRUDGE REPORT ECONOMIST E-FLUX FAST COMPANY FILM COMMENT FINANCIAL TIMES FAILED ARCHITECTURE FLASH ART Milan FRIEZE GALAXIA Y2K GARAGE GREY ROOM HACKER NEWS INTERVIEW JACOBITE LA REVIEW of BOOKS LIBRARY STACK LONDON REVIEW of BOOKS MAY REVUE Paris MOUSSE Milan N1 NEW INQUIRY NEW YORKER NOVEMBRE OCTOBER PARIS REVIEW PIN-UP REAL LIFE REDDIT RHIZOME SEMIOTEXTE SMALL PRESS SPEX Berlin SPIKE Berlin/Vienna STARSHIP Berlin STRELKA MAGAZINE Moscow TANK London TEXTE ZUR KUNST Berlin TOPICAL CREAM New York TRIPLE CANOPY New York UBU WEB VESTOJ London X-TRA Los Angeles |
1 |
|
LEDS C4 Lights Wrangler Store in Moscow |
1 |
|
Passionate Pear Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
US Investor Arrested In Moscow – Getting What He Deserves Or Being Protected From Mueller |
1 |
|
MegaFon Moscow: Privacy amp Advertising |
1 |
|
Moscow partner of your success |
1 |
|
Stoltenberg: Moscow Should Support US Peace Efforts In Afghanistan |
1 |
|
November 30 2019 Moscow |
1 |
|
Seasonal Guide to Moscow: Autumn |
1 |
|
Highlights of St Petersburg and Moscow |
1 |
|
Find Best Burgers In Best Burgers in the World The United States Adelaide Amsterdam Atlanta Auckland Austin Bangkok Berlin Boston Brisbane Cape Town Charlotte Chicago Cincinnatti Cleveland Columbus Cork Dallas Denver Detroit Dubai Dublin Edinburgh Frankfurt Halifax Hamilton Hong Kong Indianapolis Iowa City Jeddah Johannesburg Kansas City Lake Tahoe Las Vegas London Los Angeles Madison Madrid Manama Melbourne Miami Milwaukee Minneapolis Moscow Mumbai Munich München Nashville New Orleans New York City NYC Noosaville Orlando Paris Perth Philadelphia Phoenix Queenstown Rio de Janeiro Riyadh Saint Petersburg San Diego San Francisco São Paulo Seattle Seoul Shanghai St Petersburg Stockholm Sydney Tampa Bay Tokyo Toronto Tucson Valparaiso Vancouver Viña del Mar Washington DC Whitstable |
1 |
|
12th International Symposium on Computer Science in Sport 8-10 July 2019 — Moscow Russia |
1 |
|
Jokerit – Sp Moscow |
1 |
|
Ki Sung-yueng on his fitness after returning from injury in CSKA Moscow friendly |
1 |
|
Mercades Benz Car Nailed To Moscow Airport Ceiling |
1 |
|
Moscow Mules are here! |
1 |
|
Moscow Botanical Garden |
1 |
|
Moscow continues to demand meeting with Yulia Skripal |
1 |
|
Dynamo Moscow 2010/2011 |
1 |
|
Moscow Collectible Locations – Metro Exodus |
1 |
|
Moscow 29th Mar 2019 Up to 100 Participants |
1 |
|
The traditions of Ancient Russia presented in Moscow |
1 |
|
Take a Look at Moscow During Winter Through Kristina Makeeva’s Photos |
1 |
|
Recipe: the one and only Moscow Mule |
1 |
|
Seasonal Guide to Moscow: Summer |
1 |
|
Moscow amp Tehran prepare to arm Hizballah including with Iranian air defense missiles |
1 |
|
Moscow – Vladivostok: The original Trans-Siberian |
1 |
|
CoriMag Wallpaper of the Week 2: “Music Is Life” Moscow Russia |
1 |
|
Moscow Factory Club |
1 |
|
Confirmed Newcastle team v CSKA Moscow – Almiron Rondon Ki Kenedy Diame all start |
1 |
|
Poroshenko’s re-election will see the “disintegration of Ukraine”: Moscow |
1 |
|
Buddhabarmoscowru |
1 |
|
Intercharm Autumn Exhibition at Crocus Expo Moscow Russia |
1 |
|
Monday – 1/2 price burgers with a valid Bar CardTuesday – Tini Tuesday 6 Martinis amp 7 Moscow Mule 7pm to close bar onlyWednesday – Wine Down Wednesday 6 Glasses of wine starting at 5pm |
1 |
|
Moscow Yacht Brokerage |
1 |
