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US officials: Russia behind spread of virus disinformation |
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US jabs Russia over claim of spreading virus disinformation |
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Belarus detains dozens of Russians as election tensions rise |
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Nude in Public Girls Delta Videos Discipline Russia Public-Disgrace |
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Trump says he never confronted Putin about Russia bounty reports: Axios |
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Stop This Organized Campaign of Persecution Against Jehovah’s Witnesses – UK Govt Tells Russia |
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A sneak peek into the comforting Russian Cuisine |
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US officials say Russia is spreading virus disinformation |
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Trump says he never confronted Putin about Russia bounty reports |
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Russia Eyes Place in Europe’s Hydrogen Market: Press |
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EU TO RUSSIA BLACK SEA WARNING |
5 |
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Conflicting Iranian-Russian Expediencies in southern Syria Threaten the Social Fabric |
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Six Features of Reputable Website to Find Russian Brides |
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Russia’s Virology Institute Launches Human Trial of Second COVID-19 Vaccine |
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Kyrgyzstan plans to resume flights to Russia Turkey and UAE |
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The US Believes Soccer Officials Received Bribes To Award World Cup To Qatar And Russia |
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Germany emerges as key target for Russia China interference report warns |
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US officials: Russia behind spread of virus closings send GM to 2Q loss but signs of improvement |
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Russian Brides – Clever Or Beautiful |
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Vilma Sjöberg is the Cover Girl of Vogue Russia August 2020 Issue |
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Iran Russia sign agreement at 11th Transport Cooperation Summit |
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Russia just gave its Navy hypersonic nuclear strike weapons and the target is not the US it’s China |
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Russia rejects accusations of spreading coronavirus disinformation |
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Russian Corona Vaccine Gets Health Care Officials Scrutinized |
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An Army of Trolls Pushing the Russian Narrative on MH17: Who Are They – StopFake |
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The 6 Most Famous Historical Landmarks In Russia |
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Russian Entrepreneur Yuri Milner Wants to Probe Saturn’s Moons |
3 |
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Germany ‘new target for Chinese and Russian interference’ report warns |
3 |
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Myth Busted: Russia Completes Human Trials of COVID-19 Vaccine |
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Russian COVID-19 vaccine approval imminent source says |
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Russia would be developing upgraded engines for Pakistan’s JF-17 fighters |
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Trump Russia: |
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Despite previously apologizing for fatal drunk-driving crash star Russian actor Efremov refuses to admit guilt to investigators |
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Oil prices: In a global oil market threatened with over-supply it appears that OPEC and its ally Russia are doing a good job of limiting production |
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Russia plans mass vaccination against Covid-19 by early 2021 though leading scientist still cautious about prospects of success |
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Russian Deputy PM says flights from Russia to Ankara and Istanbul will begin on August 1 |
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Russia rejects accusations of spreading virus disinformation |
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Russian volcano erupts for the first time in 95 years and astronauts captured the moment from space |
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Russian Defense Ministry ‘CLAIMS’ New Coronavirus Vaccine Is Ready and Safe |
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arrest of 32 Russian “fighters” who came to “destabilize” the country before the presidential election |
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Shipyard in Russian Far East lays down advanced cruise missile corvette |
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In Collusion with the “Syrian Government” a Russian Security Company Recruits Thousands of Syrians as Mercenaries… |
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Russian Database – Russian Company |
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Международный контест «RUSSIAN DX CONTEST» |
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MSNBC Salivates Over Barr Testimony Continues to Push Russia Hoax |
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Russian Intelligence Agencies Push Disinformation on Pandemic |
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Fire and Brimstone: The Rise and Fall of Russia’s Coronavirus-Denying Rebel Priest |
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China becomes largest importer of Russian meat ahead of Ukraine |
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MTS gains first 5G licence in Russia |
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Russia Coronavirus Cases Approach 830K Amid Vaccine Race Lifted Lockdown |
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Polyethylene in Russia |
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A White Elephant by the Ganges: A Russian bard’s fantasies about India |
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Belarus Leader Demands Russia Provide Explanation Over ‘Militants’ |
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Coronavirus Travel Restrictions in Russia |
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Russian Woman Convicted of Smoked-Fish Assault on Police Officer |
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Russia Tour From Nepal |
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Trump Says He Didn’t Raise Russian Bounties in Call with Vladimir Putin |
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New Russian subs and cruise missiles pose a ‘serious problem’ for the US – the Pentagon |
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Ten Suggestions for a ‘Russia Strategy’ for the United Kingdom |
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Russia will use three-band highly sensitive guidance heads for its MANPADS |
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NƯỚC MẮT NHÂN TẠO GILAN COMFORT 018 – RUSSIA |
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The Union of Russian paratroopers told how struggling with a dip in the fountains |
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Spotify’s Daniel Ek Talks Covid-19 Universal Deal Launching in Russia and Moving Ahead |
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Russia may soon resume flights to Maldives: report |
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10 Reasons Why Russia Is A Treasure Chest Of Tourist Experiences |
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Russian Escorts in Kolkata |
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UK and US say Russia fired a satellite weapon in space |
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Russia’s athletics federation fails to pay doping fine |
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MAYORA IS SUCCESSFULLY PENETRATE THE EXPORT MARKETS TO RUSSIA |
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Report: Russian set to approve COVID-19 vaccine |
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Report says Russia may launch world’s first coronavirus vaccine by August 10 |
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Russian Singer MoVe Releases Debut Single: Sexy Talk |
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Red Sunset on the Dnieper by Arkhip Ivanovich Kuindzhi russian artist |
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The Russia Report is an Indictment of this Government |
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For self-employed Russians will prepare the new restrictions and benefits |
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Congress Pushes for Sanctions on Turkey Russia Over Libyan War |
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In This Astounding Interview Trump Shrugs Off Russian Bounties As ‘Fake News’ |
2 |
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Russia Law Firm |
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President Putin proposed new amendments to the Russian constitution |
2 |
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Ukrainian replica of AR-15 assault rifle is much better than Russian AK Kyiv says |
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Máy lọc nước Geyser ECOTAR 2 – Made in Russia |
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Virus 660 mila morti nel mondo Vaccino Russia vuole registrarlo entro il 10 agosto |
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Russia rejects accusation it is spreading coronavirus disinformation |
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Russian Train Tickets: Online Reservation and Timetable |
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Russia’s S7 Airlines resumes flights to Turkey |
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Ex-US Marine Could Face 10 Years In Russian Prison For Drunken Incident He Can’t Remember |
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Russia Today |
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POTUS admits he never raised issue of Russian bounties on US soldiers with Putin |
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Axis of Disruption: Chinese and Russian Influence and Interference in Europe |
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List of Top 10 largest venture capital funds in Russia 2020 |
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Russia Vows ‘Promising’ Virus Vaccines in September |
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Turkey and Russia announce Idlib ceasefire |
2 |
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US Officials: Russia Behind Spread of Virus Disinformation |
2 |
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Libya: More evidence of Russian meddling in Libya |
2 |
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Up to 1000 babies born to surrogate mothers stranded in Russia |
2 |
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Moscow fair 2019 Russia |
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Russian Oligarchs Evaded US Sanctions in Multimillion-Dollar Art Scheme |
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Sri Lanka tea buyers led by Iraq Turkey Russia in 2020 first half |
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Great shock to China friend Russia bans delivery of S-400 missiles |
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The Russian Revolution and the Unfinished Twentieth Century |
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Архив мероприятий Nismo-club Russia |
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2020 Election Live Updates: Trump Says He Didn’t Discuss Reported Russian Bounties With Putin |
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Putin warns Russia’s virus outbreak could get worse – Times of India |
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Russia used English-language sites to spread Covid-19 disinformation US officials say |
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The United States will fight Russian armored vehicles with artificial intelligence |
2 |
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Russia claims it’s on track to approve Covid-19 vaccine by mid-August |
2 |
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Still life oil on canvas by Nicolai Fechin Russian 1881-1955 soars to 262500 at Andrew Jones Auctions |
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Russia vows ‘promising’ virus vaccines in September |
2 |
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Russia and China in Germany |
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Russian Visa Application: Step by Step Guide |
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The Nature of the Russian-Iranian Relationship in Syria |
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Russian Escorts in Indirapuram Ghaziabad |
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Good News in COVID-19 fight Russia to release coronavirus vaccine |
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Japan increases lumber imports from Russia |
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Senate report says Russian oligarchs evading US sanctions through big-ticket art purchases |
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Russian language lessons |
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CCE Russia 2020 |
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Germania contraria a Russia nel G7 |
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Russia’s Leading Investment Bank for SMEs |
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Russian Ruble Turns Weak as Unemployment Rate Soars to Four Month High |
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Eco-Tourism in Russia and the Russian Countryside |
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Russian Regional Elections |
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Russia Is Hacking Coronavirus Vaccine Trials Say US UK and Canada |
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Communist West Pointer receives lateral commission into Russian |
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Russians in Yaroslavl Kursk to Use Blockchain Voting in 2021 Election |
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BLACK RUSSIAN |
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Фоторепортаж с Russian Enterprise Content Summit 2019 |
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Radiation – A Russian Spy Killer |
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Polyethylene in Russia – 2009 |
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Вам оклейщики: антимикробная пленка Purity Russia – решение для дома и бизнеса |
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How to launch a successful website in Russian |
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Rhythm of a Russian Dance by Theo van Doesburg |
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Russia Opens its First Red Sea Consulate in Hurghada |
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ICM 2022 in Saint Petersburg Russia 6–14 July 2022 19th IMU General Assembly in Saint Petersburg Russia 3–4 July |
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Primary source for Steele’s ‘Pee Dossier’ lived in US not Russia |
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US officials say Russia is spreading virus charged in fatal shooting of Texas woman |
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Russia seeking to ban Wi-Fi cell phones in elementary schools |
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Russia has been publishing English-language articles to spread COVID-19 disinformation to Americans US officials said It could skew the 2020 elections as it did in 2016 |
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Russia: Lyudmila |
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Alternative dispute resolution methods in Russia |
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Super Eagles first team to qualify for Russia 2018 |
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July Brings Sweeping Crackdown in Russia |
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Home – Russian language interpreter Elena MEMBERSHIPS |
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Russian-speaking doctor |
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Russia – Super Liga |
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Young popular pro-Russian: Blogger Anatoly Shariy dives into Ukrainian politics |
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В Красноярском крае соревнования «Молодые профессионалы» WorldSkills Russia пройдут в дистанционно-очном формате |
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All Things Hair Russia |
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Can we finally put the Russia-Brexit conspiracy to bed |
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Video ad trends in Russia: Yandex Video Network in 2019 |
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Hayat Kimya to invest in new tissue machine for the Russian market |
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My evolving opinion on “Russia Russia Russia” |
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Russian Prosecutor Seeks Lengthy Prison Term For Former US Marine |
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History of Red Square Moscow Russia |
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BACP Conducts Seminar ‘How to do Safe Business in Russia at MCCI |
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Will America and Europe lift sanctions against Russia |
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MTS gets Russia’s first 5G licence plans industry applications in mmWave band |
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Russia Surrogacy |
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Has Russia really developed world’s first coronavirus COVID-19 vaccine Here’s the truth |
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Video Shows Alleged Russian Mercenary Convoy Towards Sirte |
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تحميل لعبة Russian Train Simulator 2020 v1083 مهكرة… |
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Investigation by the US on Imports of Aluminum from Russia and China for Concerns with National Security |
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Obtain legal advice in litigation cases from our lawyer in Russia |
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Analysis: Russian army to get Orlan-30 drones – take 1 |
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Интернет Конкурс «Miss Russian Beauty Internet 2020» |
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GTA / Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas – Criminal Russia 2005 PC |
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Belarus would consider Russian athletes who wish to switch allegiance |
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Dr Karin von Hippel on political interference from Russia and China |
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Russia Travel |
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7 Unique best things to do in Moscow of Russia |
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Mahmut Usta İzmit Kartepe Kocaeli marka İş Makinalarıizmit Ağır Vasıtaizmit İnşaat MakinalarıKamyonTır Motor ve Yedek Parçaları temintedarik ve satış hizmetleri İzmit Kocaeli iş makinalarıAğır vasıta yedek parçaİzmit Kocaeli İnşaat makinlari yedek parçaizmit Kamyon Yedek parçaTır yedek parçaMotor parçalarıKomatsu yedek parçaVolvo yedek parçaCaterpillar yedek parçaJcb yedek parçaЗапчасти КатерпиллерКоматсуЖсб Для Судовых Дизельных ДвигателейЗапчасти Для Дизельных ГенераторЗапчасти для СпецтехникиЗапчасти Для Европейских Грузовиков ВольвоСканияМерседес Даф Запчасти России Строительной Техники Запчасти Для СельхозтехникиNew HollandJohn цилиндрыЗапчасти гидронасосовРемкомплекты гидроцилиндровапчастей для двигателейCaterpillar цилиндровголовки группа гильзыПоршневые кольца Запчасти для БульдозеровЗапчасти для Экскаваторов ПогрузчиковЗапчасти для автогрейдераЗапчасти для Фронтальных ПогрузчиковЗапчасти для для для Дорожных КатковКоленчатые валы клапаныВкладыши втулкиФорсунки Caterpillar Komatsu насосы помпыРадиаторы насосыТурбонагнетатели впускные и натяжители сцепленияТормозные дискиТормозные колодки и тяги и наконечникиФары огни лампы Запчасти в запчасти в и Аналоговые Запчасти Для СпецтехникиЗапчасти на Бульдозер Уплотнение бортового редуктораРадиатор кондиционераМотор отопителяКрыльчатка Удлинительные упорнаяБугеляПоворотные рамыЗеркала заднего видаСиденияПодвесные крепленияПоршневые наборы с гильзамивтулки для для Спецтехники Москве Санкт Запчасти для Спецтехники КазахстанеАстане АлматыКарагандеАктобе для Спецтехники для спецтехники РоссииЗапчасти Для Дизельных Генератор РоссииЗапчасти для спецтехникистроительной техники РоссииЗапчасти для спецтехникистроительной техники Казахстане Запчасти для Спецтехники УзбекистанеЗапчасти Для Европейских Грузовиков РоссииЗапчасти Для Европейских Грузовиков КазахстанеЗапчасти Для Европейских Грузовиков УзбекистанеЗапчасти Для Европейских Грузовиков УкраинеЗапчасти для спецтехникистроительной техники УкраинеЗапчасти для спецтехникистроительной техники Кыргызстане Запчасти для CaterpillarЗапчасти для VolvoЗапчасти KomatsuЗапчасти ManЗапчасти JcbЗапчасти для спецтехники Бишкеке Запчасти Для Европейских Грузовиков Бишкеке Запчасти для Тракторов John DeereNew HollandMassey FergusonClassCaterpillar Spare PartsSpare Parts Parts TractorSpare PartsConstruction EquipmentSpare PartsHeavy Construction EquipmentSpare PartsArticulated TruckBackhoe Mining ShovelsMotor GradersOff-Highway TrucksWheel DozersWheel LoadersEngine Spare Parts Hydraulic CylinderWhell CaterpilllarConstruction EquipmentSpare Parts Construction EquipmentSpare Parts KazakhstanConstruction EquipmentSpare Parts RussiaUniversal JointHydraulic SystemTubesGear PumpsVane PumpsPistons PumpsHydraulic valvesHydraulic CylindersCooling System FanRadiatorsOil and Heater HosesSeals and GasketsEngine KitsO-Ring KitsHydraulic KitsGasketSealsHead KitBogiesFuel InjectionNozzlesFuel linesPriming PumpsFuel PumpsSteering ClutchActuatorsBrake Cylinder CamshaftsDiscs PlatesBrake GroupsPiston BrakesDrumsBrake PadsPower TrainAxlesYokesFinal DrivesDifferentialsGear amp PinionsUniversal JointsTorque ConverterHeavy EquipmentEuropean Truck PartsHeavy Duty Truck Engine Parts WheelsBearings Ball BearingsRoller BearingsSleeve BearingsNeedle BearingsSpherical BearingInner Outer RacesCopper Bronze BearingsPumpPump GearsPumps MeteringOil PumpsWater PumpsFuel PumpsHydraulic PumpsBarrels AssembliesWear StripsEqualizer BarTrack GuardsTrack FramesShields amp CoversBogies PinsSwing HeadsBelt BlocksConnecting Rod KitsConnecting RodsCrankshaftEngine BearingsEngine Liner KitsPiston PinsPiston RingsPistonsTurbochargers CartridgesValve Motors |
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“Dirty intentions”: Lukashenka asked Russia |
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3 Steps to Lean Legs Program Review by Maria from Russia |
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Pakistan to receive 1bcfd of gas from Russian gas pipeline project |
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Итоги Фестиваля красоты моды и таланта «Russian Beauty 2019» |
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Russians are melting down their gold and silver to make Leonardo DiCaprio an Oscar |
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Russian Savings Jump During Coronavirus Crisis |
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Russian pseudo-left provides neo-Stalinist justification for vendetta against historian Yuri Dmitriev |
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The Washington Accord is an international accreditation agreement for professional engineering academic degrees between the bodies responsible for accreditation in its signatory countries The Washington Accord covers undergraduate engineering degrees under Outcome-based education approach Engineering technology and postgraduate programs are not covered by the accord although some engineering technology programs are covered under the Sydney Accord and the Dublin Accord Only qualifications awarded after the signatory country or region became part of the Washington Accord are recognized The accord is not directly responsible for the licensing of Professional Engineers and the registration of Chartered Engineers but it does cover the academic requirements that are part of the licensing processes in signatory countries India became the permanent member of the Washington Accord It is an esteemed international treaty on engineering studies and mobility of engineers across signatory countries including the US the UK and Australia signatories are: Australia Canada Chinese Taipei Hong Kong China India Ireland Japan Korea Malaysia New Zealand Russia Singapore South Africa Turkey the United Kingdom and the United States The treaty covers undergraduate engineering degrees under Outcome-based education approach The accord doesn’t take into account engineering technology and postgraduate programs Q194 What is meant by Deficit Financing A Capital expenditure on items of public construction public borrowing amp public enterprises B Difference in borrowing amp external amp internal resourcesC Government’s expenditure on excess of revenue which causes a shortage in the budget therby making the government to finance its plans by borrowing D Difference of the total expenditure amp income from all the sourcesAns C |
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Denmark’s Foreign Affairs Minister Jeppe Kofod greeted US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in Copenhagen on Wednesday Mr Pompeo said during the visit that China and Russia had become more aggressive in the Arctic |
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Credible nuclear deterrence of invasions and conventional wars reduce the risk of large conventional and nuclear wars occurring through escalation of invasions such as the invasion of Belgium in 1914 and the invasion of Poland in 1939 of surprise attacks like those against France in 1940 and of Russia and Pearl Harbor in 1941 Afghanistan in 1979 Kuwait in 1990 or Crimea in 2014 Contrary to irrational pseudo-scientific propaganda the number of nuclear weapons is smaller than the millions of conventional weapons used in large wars and the correct scaling shows that the overall effects are similar not massively different as often claimed for political propaganda by enemies of peace Furthermore the greater time delay of effects from nuclear weapons over the damaged area increases the efficiency of cheap civil defence countermeasures as compared to conventional weapons We need credible effects of nuclear weapons for real world peace: peace through tested proved and practical declassified deterrence and countermeasures against collateral damage Credible deterrence through simple effective protection against concentrated and dispersed invasions and aerial attacks Discussions of the facts as opposed to inaccurate misleading lies of the disarm or be annihilated political dogma variety Hiroshima and Nagasaki anti-nuclear propaganda debunked by the hard facts Walls not wars Walls bring people together by stopping divisive terrorists In conclusion credible nuclear deterrence of conventional war offers a beautiful opportunity to create a peaceful world free from fear peddling ranting dictators The only oppositions you will meet will come from authoritarian obsessed fear peddling myth makers If they can’t tell the truth and face the facts why listen to them Please see our post on the need to deter not only direct threats from nuclear attacks but also conventional wars and invasions that can escalate into nuclear wars as proved by the use of nuclear weapons in WWII for example after they were developed during the war itself and did not trigger or provoke the war linked here here here and here here here and the true scaling law equivalence between a few thousand nuclear weapons and the several million tons of small conventional weapons in a non-nuclear world war as proved by our post summarising key points in Herman Kahn’s much-abused call for credible deterrence On Thermonuclear War linked here Peace comes through tested proved and practical declassified countermeasures against the effects of nuclear weapons chemical weapons and conventional weapons Credible deterrence to end invasions and wars comes through simple effective protection against invasions like low yield tactical weapons and walls and civil defence against collateral damage Peace comes through discussions of the facts as opposed to inaccurate misleading lies of the disarm or be annihilated political dogma variety which are designed to exploit fear to close down criticisms of errors in mainstream orthodoxy In particular please see the post linked here on EMP results from an actual Russian 300 kt test at 290 km altitude over unwarned civilian infrastructure in Kazakhstan on 22 October 1962 which caused no injuries or deaths whatsoever contrary to all of Jeremy Corbyn and CND style lying propaganda that any use of nuclear weapons on civilians would automatically kill millions but shut down the communications and power supply lines! This is not secret but does not make newspaper headlines to debunk CND style dogmas on the alleged incredibility of nuclear deterrence Hiroshima’s air raid shelters were unoccupied because Japanese Army officers were having breakfast when B29s were detected far away says Yoshie Oka the operator of the Hiroshima air raid sirens on 6 August 1945 In a sample of 1881 burns cases in Hiroshima only 17 or 09 percent were due to ignited clothing and 15 or 07 were due to the firestorm flames Dr Harold L Brode’s new book Nuclear Weapons in 800 war migrants drowned on 22 April by EU policy: Photographed fireball shielding by cloud cover in Nuclear weapons effects firestorm and nuclear w Proved 975 survival in completely demolished houses How to achieve peace through tested proved and practical declassified countermeasures against the effects of nuclear weapons chemical weapons and conventional weapons Credible deterrence through simple effective protection against invasions and collateral damage Discussions of the facts as opposed to inaccurate misleading lies of the disarm or be annihilated political dogma variety Hiroshima and Nagasaki anti-nuclear propaganda debunked by the hard facts Walls not wars Walls bring people together by stopping attacks by divide and rule style divisive terrorists contrary to simplistic Vatican propaganda There has never been a war yet which if the facts had been put calmly before the ordinary folk could not have been prevented – British Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin House of Commons Debate on Foreign Affairs Hansard 23 November 1945 column 786 unfortunately secret Cabinet committees called democracy for propaganda purposes have not been quite so successful in preventing war Protection is needed against collateral civilian damage and contamination in conventional chemical and nuclear attack with credible low yield clean nuclear deterrence against conventional warfare which in reality not science fiction costs far more lives Anti scientific media who promulgate and exploit terrorism for profit censor 1 vital effective civil defense knowledge and 2 effective safe low yield air burst clean weapons like the Mk54 and W79 which deter conventional warfare and escalation allowing arms negotiations from a position of strength This helped end the Cold War in the 1980s Opposing civil defense and nuclear weapons that really deter conventional war is complacent and dangerousWar and coercion dangers have not stemmed from those who openly attack mainstream mistakes but from those who camouflage themselves as freedom fighters to ban such free criticism itself by making the key facts seem taboo without even a proper debate let alone financing research into unfashionable alternatives Research and education in non-mainstream alternatives is needed before an unprejudiced debate to establish all the basic facts for a real debate “Wisdom itself cannot flourish nor even truth be determined without the give and take of debate and criticism” – Robert Oppenheimer quotation from the H-bomb TV debate hosted by Eleanor Roosevelt 12 February 1950“Apologies for freedom I can’t handle this! Deal from strength or get crushed every time Freedom demands liberty everywhere I’m thinking you see it’s not so easy But we have to stand up tall and answer freedom’s call!” – Freedom Kids CONVENTIONAL WARS HAVE KILLED TENS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAN RAPIDLY DETER THIS REAL THREAT TO PEACE WITH MINIMAL CASUALTIES ‘During the critical period 8-15 February 1968 the US command realized that conventional bombing was not sufficiently effective The air campaign dropped over 110000 tons of bombs and napalm on the area around Khe Sanh during the 77-day siege the most heavily bombed target in the history of conventional warfare’ – W C Yengst S J Lukasik and M A Jensen Nuclear Weapons that went to War SAID report DSWA-TR-97-25 September 1998 quoted in the 2015 book by the secret Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons editor Dr Harold L Brode Nuclear Weapons in the Cold War page 287 British Nuclear Test Civil Defence ResearchRichard P Feynman ‘This Unscientific Age’ in The Meaning of It All Penguin Books London 1998 pages 106-9: ‘Now I say if a man is absolutely honest and wants to protect the populace from the effects of radioactivity which is what our scientific friends often say they are trying to do then he should work on the biggest number not on the smallest number and he should try to point out that the natural cosmic radioactivity which is absorbed by living in the city of Denver is so much more serious than the smaller doses from nuclear explosions that all the people of Denver ought to move to lower altitudes’“If a man reads or hears a criticism of anything in which he has an interest watch if he shows concern with any question except ‘is it true’ he thereby reveals that his own attitude is unscientific Likewise if he judges an idea not on its merits but with reference to the author of it if he criticizes it as ‘heresy’ if he argues that authority must be right because it is authority The path of truth is paved with critical doubt and lighted by the spirit of objective enquiry the majority of people have resented what seems in retrospect to have been purely matter of fact nothing has aided the persistence of falsehood and the evils resulting from it more than the unwillingness of good people to admit the truth the tendency continues to be shocked by natural comment and to hold certain things too ‘sacred’ to think about How rarely does one meet anyone whose first reaction to anything is to ask: ‘is it true’ Yet unless that is a man’s natural reaction it shows that truth is not uppermost in his mind and unless it is true progress is unlikely” – Sir Basil Henry Liddell Hart Why Don’t We Learn from History PEN Books 1944 revised edition Allen and Unwin 1972 Civil defense countermeasures to be taken seriously by the population require the publication of solid facts with the scientific evidence to support those facts against political propaganda to the contrary Secrecy over the effects of nuclear weapons tests does not hinder plutonium and missile production by rogue states but it does hinder civil defense countermeasures by permitting lying political propaganda to go unopposed see linked post here Terrorists successfully prey on the vulnerable The political spreading of lies concerning threats and the alleged ‘impossibility’ of all countermeasures terrorizing the population in order to ‘justify’ supposedly pro-peace disarmament policies in the 1920s-1930s resulted in the secret rearmament of fascist states which were terrorizing the Jews and others eventually leading to World War II Political exaggerations about nuclear weapons effects today: 1 encourage terrorist states and other groups to secretly invest in such weapons to use either for political intimidation or for future use against countries which have no countermeasures and 2 falsely dismiss in the eyes of the media and the public cheap relatively effective countermeasures like civil defense and ABM Therefore doom-mongering media lies make us vulnerable to the proliferation threat today in two ways just as they led to both world wars: 1 Exaggerations of offensive technology and a down-playing of simple countermeasures such as trenches encouraged belligerent states to start World War I in the false belief that modern technology implied overwhelming firepower which would terminate the war quickly on the basis of offensive preparedness: if the facts about simple trench countermeasures against shelling and machine guns during the American Civil War had been properly understood it would have been recognised by Germany that a long war based on munitions production and logistics would be necessary and war would have been seen to be likely to lead to German defeat against countries with larger overseas allies and colonies that could supply munitions and the other resources required to win a long war 2 Exaggerations of aerial bombardment technology after World War I led to disarmament ‘supported by’ false claims that it was impossible to have any defense against a perceived threat of instant annihilation from thousands of aircraft carrying gas and incendiary bombs encouraging fascists to secretly rearm in order to successfully take advantage of the fear and vulnerability caused by this lying political disarmament propaganda Contrived dismissal of civil defense by Marxist “Cambridge Scientists Anti-War Group” bigots: a appeased war-mongering enemies and b maximised war mortality rates Idealism kills Super effective fully proof-tested cheap civil defense makes nuclear deterrence credible to stop conventional war devastation by avoiding collateral damage tit-for-tat retaliation and escalation Historically it has been proved that having weapons is not enough to guarantee a reasonable measure of safety from terrorism and rogue states countermeasures are also needed both to make any deterrent credible and to negate or at least mitigate the effects of a terrorist attack Some people who wear seatbelts die in car crashes some people who are taken to hospital in ambulances even in peace-time die Sometimes lifebelts and lifeboats cannot save lives at sea This lack of a 100 success rate in saving lives doesn’t disprove the value of everyday precautions or of hospitals and medicine Hospitals don’t lull motorists into a false sense of security causing them to drive faster and cause more accidents Like-minded ‘arguments’ against ABM and civil defense are similarly vacuous ‘As long as the threat from Iran persists we will go forward with a missile system that is cost-effective and proven If the Iranian threat is eliminated we will have a stronger basis for security and the driving force for missile-defense construction in Europe will be removed’ – President Obama Prague Castle Czech Republic 4 April 2009 Before 9/11 Caspar Weinberger was quizzed by skeptical critics on the BBC News program Talking Point Friday May 4 2001: Caspar Weinberger quizzed on new US Star Wars ABM plans: ‘The ABM treaty was in 1972 The theory supporting the ABM treaty which prohibits ABM thus making nations vulnerable to terrorism that it will prevent an arms race is perfect nonsense because we have had an arms race all the time we have had the ABM treaty and we have seen the greatest increase in proliferation of nuclear weapons that we have ever had So the ABM treaty preventing an arms race is total nonsense ‘You have to understand that without any defences whatever you are very vulnerable It is like saying we don’t like chemical warfare – we don’t like gas attacks – so we are going to give up and promise not to have any defences ever against them and that of course would mean then we are perfectly safe ‘The Patriot was not a failure in the Gulf War – the Patriot was one of the things which defeated the Scud and in effect helped us win the Gulf War One or two of the shots went astray but that is true of every weapon system that has ever been invented ‘The fact that a missile defence system wouldn’t necessarily block a suitcase bomb is certainly not an argument for not proceeding with a missile defence when a missile that hits can wipe out hundreds of thousands of lives in a second ‘The curious thing about it is that missile defence is not an offensive weapon system – missile defence cannot kill anybody Missile defence can help preserve and protect your people and our allies and the idea that you are somehow endangering people by having a defence strikes me almost as absurd as saying you endanger people by having a gas mask in a gas attack ‘President Bush said that we were going ahead with the defensive system but we would make sure that nobody felt we had offensive intentions because we would accompany it by a unilateral reduction of our nuclear arsenal It seems to me to be a rather clear statement that proceeding with the missile defence system would mean fewer arms of this kind ‘You have had your arms race all the time that the ABM treaty was in effect and now you have an enormous accumulation and increase of nuclear weapons and that was your arms race promoted by the ABM treaty Now if you abolish the ABM treaty you are not going to get another arms race – you have got the arms already there – and if you accompany the missile defence construction with the unilateral reduction of our own nuclear arsenal then it seems to me you are finally getting some kind of inducement to reduce these weapons’ Before the ABM system is in place and afterwards if ABM fails to be 100 effective in an attack or is bypassed by terrorists using a bomb in a suitcase or in a ship civil defense is required and can be effective at saving lives: ‘Paradoxically the more damaging the effect that is the farther out its lethality stretches the more can be done about it because in the last fall of its power it covers vast areas where small mitigations will save very large numbers of people’ – Peter Laurie Beneath the City Streets: A Private Inquiry into the Nuclear Preoccupations of Government Penguin 1974 ‘The purpose of a book is to save people the time and effort of digging things out for themselves we have tried to leave the reader with something tangible – what a certain number of calories roentgens etc means in terms of an effect on the human being we must think of the people we are writing for’ – Dr Samuel Glasstone DSc letter dated 1 February 1957 to Colonel Dent L Lay Chief Weapons Effects Division US Armed Forces Special Weapons Project Washington DC pages 2 and 4 concerning the preparation of The Effects of Nuclear Weapons Glasstone and Dolan stated in The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 1977 Table 1217 on page 546 that the median distance in Hiroshima for survival after 20 days was 012 miles for people in concrete buildings and 13 miles for people standing outdoors Therefore the median distances for survival in modern city buildings and in the open differed by a factor of 11 for Hiroshima the difference in areas was thus a factor of 112 or about 120 Hence taking cover in modern city buildings reduces the casualty rates and the risks of being killed by a factor of 120 for Hiroshima conditions contrary to popular media presented political propaganda that civil defence is hopeless This would reduce 120000 casualties to 1000 casualties From Dr Glasstone’s Effects of Nuclear Weapons 1962/64 ed page 631: ‘At distances between 03 and 04 mile from ground zero in Hiroshima the average survival rate for at least 20 days after the nuclear explosion was less than 20 percent Yet in two reinforced concrete office buildings at these distances almost 90 percent of the nearly 800 occupants survived more than 20 days although some died later of radiation injury Furthermore of approximately 3000 school students who were in the open and unshielded within a mile of ground zero at Hiroshima about 90 percent were dead or missing after the explosion But of nearly 5000 students in the same zone who were shielded in one way or another only 26 percent were fatalities survival in Hiroshima was possible in buildings at such distances that the overpressure in the open was 15 to 20 pounds per square inch it is evident that the area over which protection could be effective in saving lives is roughly eight to ten times as great as that in which the chances of survival are small’ Lord Mayhew House of Lords debate on Civil Defence General Local Authority Functions Regulations Hansard vol 444 cc 523-49 1 November 1983: ‘ if there had been effective civil defence at Hiroshima probably thousands of lives would have been saved and much human suffering would have been avoided There is no question about it ’ Since the 1977 update by Glasstone and Dolan extensive new updates to EM-1 for a further revised edition of The Effects of Nuclear Weapons have not actually been published with unlimited public distribution due to President Carter’s 1979 executive order which transferred responsibility for civil defense from the jurisdiction of the US Department of Defense’s Defense Civil Preparedness Agency to the new agency which is not an Agency of the US Department of Defense and is not concerned with the analysis of nuclear weapons test effects data the Federal Emergency Management Agency However the February 1997 US Department of Defense’s Defense Special Weapons Agency 0602715H RDTampE Budget Item Justification Sheet R-2 Exhibit states that a revision of Glasstone and Dolan’s unclassified Effects of Nuclear Weapons was budgeted for 1997-9: “FY 1997 Plans: Provide text to update Glasstone’s book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons the standard reference for nuclear weapons effects Update the unclassified textbook entitled The Effects of Nuclear Weapons Continue revision of Glasstone’s book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons the standard reference for nuclear weapons effects FY1999 Plans Disseminate updated The Effects of Nuclear Weapons” The new publications are either classified or unclassified with limited distribution restrictions eg Bridgman’s Introduction to the Physics of Nuclear Weapons Effects which includes several chapters on nuclear weapons design to enable initial radiation outputs to be calculated precisely which prevents up-to-date basic nuclear effects information to justify civil defense against the latest nuclear threats from being widely disseminated the books are printed for use only by government agencies The problem with this approach is that widespread public understanding of the best information for civil defense countermeasures is prevented ‘The evidence from Hiroshima indicates that blast survivors both injured and uninjured in buildings later consumed by fire caused by the blast overturning charcoal braziers used for breakfast in inflammable wooden houses filled with easily ignitable bamboo furnishings and paper screens were generally able to move to safe areas following the explosion Of 130 major buildings studied by the US Strategic Bombing Survey 107 were ultimately burned out Of those suffering fire about 20 percent were burning after the first half hour The remainder were consumed by fire spread some as late as 15 hours after the blast This situation is not unlike the one our computer-based fire spread model described for Detroit’ – Defense Civil Preparedness Agency US Department of Defense DCPA Attack Environment Manual Chapter 3: What the Planner Needs to Know About Fire Ignition and Spread report CPG 2-1A3 June 1973 Panel 27 The Effects of the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima Japan US Strategic Bombing Survey Pacific Theatre report 92 volume 2 May 1947 secret: Volume one page 14: “ the city lacked buildings with fire-protective features such as automatic fire doors and automatic sprinkler systems” and pages 26-28 state the heat flash in Hiroshima was only: “ capable of starting primary fires in exposed easily combustible materials such as dark cloth thin paper or dry rotted wood exposed to direct radiation at distances usually within 4000 feet of the point of detonation AZ” Volume two examines the firestorm and the ignition of clothing by the thermal radiation flash in Hiroshima: Page 24: “Scores of persons throughout all sections of the city were questioned concerning the ignition of clothing by the flash from the bomb Ten school boys were located during the study who had been in school yards about 6200 feet east and 7000 feet west respectively from AZ air zero These boys had flash burns on the portions of their faces which had been directly exposed to rays of the bomb The boys’ stories were consistent to the effect that their clothing apparently of cotton materials ‘smoked’ but did not burst into flame a boy’s coat started to smoulder from heat rays at 3800 feet from AZ” Contrast this to the obfuscation and vagueness in Glasstone The Effects of Nuclear Weapons! Page 88: “Ignition of the City Only directly exposed surfaces were flash burned Measured from GZ flash burns on wood poles were observed at 13000 feet granite was roughened or spalled by heat at 1300 feet and vitreous tiles on roofs were blistered at 4000 feet six persons who had been in reinforced-concrete buildings within 3200 feet of air zero stated that black cotton blackout curtains were ignited by radiant heat dark clothing was scorched and in some cases reported to have burst into flame from flash heat although as the 1946 unclassified USSBS report admits most immediately beat the flames out with their hands without sustaining injury because the clothing was not drenched in gasoline unlike peacetime gasoline tanker road accident victims “ but a large proportion of over 1000 persons questioned was in agreement that a great majority of the original fires was started by debris falling on kitchen charcoal fires by industrial process fires or by electric short circuits Hundreds of fires were reported to have started in the centre of the city within 10 minutes after the explosion Of the total number of buildings investigated 135 buildings are listed 107 caught fire and in 69 instances the probable cause of initial ignition of the buildings or their contents was as follows: 1 8 by direct radiated heat from the bomb primary fire 2 8 by secondary sources and 3 53 by fire spread from exposed wooden buildings” ‘It is true that the Soviets have tested nuclear weapons of a yield higher than that which we thought necessary but the 100-megaton bomb of which they spoke two years ago does not and will not change the balance of strategic power The United States has chosen deliberately to concentrate on more mobile and more efficient weapons with lower but entirely sufficient yield ’ – President John F Kennedy in his television broadcast to the American public 26 July 1963 ‘During World War II many large cities in England Germany and Japan were subjected to terrific attacks by high-explosive and incendiary bombs Yet when proper steps had been taken for the protection of the civilian population and for the restoration of services after the bombing there was little if any evidence of panic It is the purpose of this book to state the facts concerning the atomic bomb and to make an objective scientific analysis of these facts It is hoped that as a result although it may not be feasible completely to allay fear it will at least be possible to avoid panic’ – Dr George Gamow the big bang cosmologist Dr Samuel Glasstone DSc Executive Editor of the book and Professor Joseph O Hirschfelder The Effects of Atomic Weapons Chapter 1 p 1 Paragraph 13 US Department of Defense September 1950 ‘The consequences of a multiweapon nuclear attack would certainly be grave Nevertheless recovery should be possible if plans exist and are carried out to restore social order and to mitigate the economic disruption’ – Philip J Dolan editor of Nuclear Weapons Employment FM 101-31 1963 Capabilities of Nuclear Weapons DNA-EM-1 1972 and The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 1977 Stanford Research Institute Appendix A of the US National Council on Radiological protection NCRP symposium The Control of Exposure to the Public of Ionising Radiation in the Event of Accident or Attack 1981 ‘Suppose the bomb dropped on Hiroshima had been 1000 times as powerful It could not have killed 1000 times as many people but at most the entire population of Hiroshima regarding the hype about various nuclear overkill exaggerations there is enough water in the oceans to drown everyone ten times’ – Professor Brian Martin PhD physics ‘The global health effects of nuclear war’ Current Affairs Bulletin Vol 59 No 7 December 1982 pp 14-26 In 1996 half a century after the nuclear detonations data on cancers from the Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors was published by D A Pierce et al of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation RERF Radiation Research vol 146 pp 1-27 Science vol 272 pp 632-3 for 86572 survivors of whom 60 had received bomb doses of over 5 mSv or 500 millirem in old units suffering 4741 cancers of which only 420 were due to radiation consisting of 85 leukemias and 335 solid cancers ‘Today we have a population of 2383 radium dial painter cases for whom we have reliable body content measurements All 64 bone sarcoma cancer cases occurred in the 264 cases with more than 10 Gy 1000 rads while no sarcomas appeared in the 2119 radium cases with less than 10 Gy’ – Dr Robert Rowland Director of the Center for Human Radiobiology Bone Sarcoma in Humans Induced by Radium: A Threshold Response Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting European Society for Radiation Biology Radioprotection colloquies Vol 32CI 1997 pp 331-8 Zbigniew Jaworowski ‘Radiation Risk and Ethics: Health Hazards Prevention Costs and Radiophobia’ Physics Today April 2000 pp 89-90: ‘ it is important to note that given the effects of a few seconds of irradiation at Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 a threshold near 200 mSv may be expected for leukemia and some solid tumors Sources: UNSCEAR Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation New York 1994 W F Heidenreich et al Radiat Environ Biophys vol 36 1999 p 205 and B L Cohen Radiat Res vol 149 1998 p 525 For a protracted lifetime natural exposure a threshold may be set at a level of several thousand millisieverts for malignancies of 10 grays for radium-226 in bones and probably about 15-20 Gy for lung cancer after x-ray and gamma irradiation Sources: G Jaikrishan et al Radiation Research vol 152 1999 p S149 for natural exposure R D Evans Health Physics vol 27 1974 p 497 for radium-226 H H Rossi and M Zaider Radiat Environ Biophys vol 36 1997 p 85 for radiogenic lung cancer The hormetic effects such as a decreased cancer incidence at low doses and increased longevity may be used as a guide for estimating practical thresholds and for setting standards ‘Though about a hundred of the million daily spontaneous DNA damages per cell remain unrepaired or misrepaired apoptosis differentiation necrosis cell cycle regulation intercellular interactions and the immune system remove about 99 of the altered cells Source: R D Stewart Radiation Research vol 152 1999 p 101 ‘Due to the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986 as of 1998 according to UNSCEAR a total of 1791 thyroid cancers in children had been registered About 93 of the youngsters have a prospect of full recovery Source: C R Moir and R L Telander Seminars in Pediatric Surgery vol 3 1994 p 182 The highest average thyroid doses in children 177 mGy were accumulated in the Gomel region of Belarus The highest incidence of thyroid cancer 179 cases per 100000 children occurred there in 1995 which means that the rate had increased by a factor of about 25 since 1987 ‘This rate increase was probably a result of improved screening not radiation! Even then the incidence rate for occult thyroid cancers was still a thousand times lower than it was for occult thyroid cancers in nonexposed populations in the US for example the rate is 13000 per 100000 persons and in Finland it is 35600 per 100000 persons Thus given the prospect of improved diagnostics there is an enormous potential for detecting yet more fictitious excess thyroid cancers In a study in the US that was performed during the period of active screening in 1974-79 it was determined that the incidence rate of malignant and other thyroid nodules was greater by 21-fold than it had been in the pre-1974 period Source: Z Jaworowski 21st Century Science and Technology vol 11 1998 issue 1 p 14’ ‘Professor Edward Lewis used data from four independent populations exposed to radiation to demonstrate that the incidence of leukemia was linearly related to the accumulated dose of radiation Outspoken scientists including Linus Pauling used Lewis’s risk estimate to inform the public about the danger of nuclear fallout by estimating the number of leukemia deaths that would be caused by the test detonations In May of 1957 Lewis’s analysis of the radiation-induced human leukemia data was published as a lead article in Science magazine In June he presented it before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy of the US Congress’ – Abstract of thesis by Jennifer Caron Edward Lewis and Radioactive Fallout: the Impact of Caltech Biologists Over Nuclear Weapons Testing in the 1950s and 60s Caltech January 2003 Dr John F Loutit of the Medical Research Council Harwell England in 1962 wrote a book called Irradiation of Mice and Men University of Chicago Press Chicago and London discrediting the pseudo-science from geneticist Edward Lewis on pages 61 and 78-79: ‘ Mole R H Mole Brit J Radiol v32 p497 1959 gave different groups of mice an integrated total of 1000 r of X-rays over a period of 4 weeks But the dose-rate – and therefore the radiation-free time between fractions – was varied from 81 r/hour intermittently to 13 r/hour continuously The incidence of leukemia varied from 40 per cent within 15 months of the start of irradiation in the first group to 5 per cent in the last compared with 2 per cent incidence in irradiated controls … ‘What Lewis did and which I have not copied was to include in his table another group – spontaneous incidence of leukemia Brooklyn NY – who are taken to have received only natural background radiation throughout life at the very low dose-rate of 01-02 rad per year: the best estimate is listed as 2 x 10-6 like the others in the table But the value of 2 x 10-6 was not calculated from the data as for the other groups it was merely adopted By its adoption and multiplication with the average age in years of Brooklyners – 337 years and radiation dose per year of 01-02 rad – a mortality rate of 7 to 13 cases per million per year due to background radiation was deduced or some 10-20 per cent of the observed rate of 65 cases per million per year ‘All these points are very much against the basic hypothesis of Lewis of a linear relation of dose to leukemic effect irrespective of time Unhappily it is not possible to claim for Lewis’s work as others have done “It is now possible to calculate – within narrow limits – how many deaths from leukemia will result in any population from an increase in fall-out or other source of radiation” Leading article in Science vol 125 p 963 1957 This is just wishful journalese ‘The burning questions to me are not what are the numbers of leukemia to be expected from atom bombs or radiotherapy but what is to be expected from natural background Furthermore to obtain estimates of these I believe it is wrong to go to 1950s inaccurate dose rate effect ignoring data from atom bombs where the radiations are qualitatively different ie including effects from neutrons and more important the dose-rate outstandingly different’ Samuel Glasstone and Philip J Dolan The Effects of Nuclear Weapons 3rd ed 1977 pp 611-3: ‘From the earlier studies of radiation-induced mutations made with fruitflies by Nobel Laureate Hermann J Muller and other geneticists who worked on plants who falsely hyped their insect and plant data as valid for mammals like humans during the June 1957 US Congressional Hearings on fallout effects it appeared that the number or frequency of mutations in a given population is proportional to the total dose More recent experiments with mice however have shown that these conclusions need to be revised at least for mammals Mammals are biologically closer to humans in respect to DNA repair mechanisms than short-lived insects whose life cycles are too small to have forced the evolutionary development of advanced DNA repair mechanisms unlike mammals that need to survive for decades before reproducing When exposed to X-rays or gamma rays the mutation frequency in these animals has been found to be dependent on the exposure or dose rate ‘At an exposure rate of 0009 roentgen per minute 054 R/hour the total mutation frequency in female mice is indistinguishable from the spontaneous frequency Emphasis added There thus seems to be an exposure-rate threshold below which radiation-induced mutations are absent with adult female mice a delay of at least seven weeks between exposure to a substantial dose of radiation either neutrons or gamma rays and conception causes the mutation frequency in the offspring to drop almost to zero recovery in the female members of the population would bring about a substantial reduction in the ‘load’ of mutations in subsequent generations’ George Bernard Shaw cynically explains groupthink brainwashing bias: ‘We cannot help it because we are so constituted that we always believe finally what we wish to believe The moment we want to believe something we suddenly see all the arguments for it and become blind to the arguments against it The moment we want to disbelieve anything we have previously believed we suddenly discover not only that there is a mass of evidence against but that this evidence was staring us in the face all the time’ From the essay titled ‘What is Science’ by Professor Richard P Feynman presented at the fifteenth annual meeting of the National Science Teachers Association 1966 in New York City and published in The Physics Teacher vol 7 issue 6 1968 pp 313-20: ‘ great religions are dissipated by following form without remembering the direct content of the teaching of the great leaders In the same way it is possible to follow form and call it science but that is pseudo-science In this way we all suffer from the kind of tyranny we have today in the many institutions that have come under the influence of pseudoscientific advisers ‘We have many studies in teaching for example in which people make observations make lists do statistics and so on but these do not thereby become established science established knowledge They are merely an imitative form of science analogous to the South Sea Islanders’ airfields – radio towers etc made out of wood The islanders expect a great airplane to arrive They even build wooden airplanes of the same shape as they see in the foreigners’ airfields around them but strangely enough their wood planes do not fly The result of this pseudoscientific imitation is to produce experts which many of you are you teachers who are really teaching children at the bottom of the heap can maybe doubt the experts As a matter of fact I can also define science another way: Science is the belief in the ignorance of experts’ Richard P Feynman ‘This Unscientific Age’ in The Meaning of It All Penguin Books London 1998 pages 106-9: ‘Now I say if a man is absolutely honest and wants to protect the populace from the effects of radioactivity which is what our scientific friends often say they are trying to do then he should work on the biggest number not on the smallest number and he should try to point out that the natural cosmic radioactivity which is absorbed by living in the city of Denver is so much more serious than the smaller doses from nuclear explosions that all the people of Denver ought to move to lower altitudes’ Feynman is not making a point about low level radiation effects but about the politics of ignoring the massive natural background radiation dose while provoking hysteria over much smaller measured fallout pollution radiation doses Why is the anti-nuclear lobby so concerned about banning nuclear energy – which is not possible even in principle since most of our nuclear radiation is from the sun and from supernova debris contaminating the Earth from the explosion that created the solar system circa 4540 million years ago – when they could cause much bigger radiation dose reductions to the population by concentrating on the bigger radiation source natural background radiation It is possible to shield natural background radiation by the air eg by moving the population of high altitude cities to lower altitudes where there is more air between the people and outer space or banning the use of high-altitude jet aircraft The anti-nuclear lobby as Feynman stated back in the 1960s didn’t crusade to reduce the bigger dose from background radiation Instead they chose to argue against the much smaller doses from fallout pollution Feynman’s argument is still today falsely interpreted as a political statement when it is actually exposing pseudo-science and countering political propaganda It is still ignored by the media It has been pointed out by Senator Hickenlooper on page 1060 of the May-June 1957 US Congressional Hearings before the Special Subcommittee on Radiation of the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy The Nature of Radioactive Fallout and Its Effects on Man: ‘I presume all of us would earnestly hope that we never had to test atomic weapons but by the same token I presume that we want to save thousands of lives in this country every year and we could just abolish the manufacture of road accident causing automobiles ’ Dihydrogen monoxide is a potentially very dangerous chemical containing hydrogen and oxygen which has caused numerous severe burns by scalding and deaths by drowning contributes to the greenhouse effect accelerates corrosion and rusting of many metals and contributes to the erosion of our natural landscape: ‘Dihydrogen monoxide DHMO is colorless odorless tasteless and kills uncounted thousands of people every year Most of these deaths are caused by accidental inhalation of DHMO but the dangers of dihydrogen monoxide do not end there Prolonged exposure to its solid form causes severe tissue damage Symptoms of DHMO ingestion can include excessive sweating and urination and possibly a bloated feeling nausea vomiting and body electrolyte imbalance For those who have become dependent DHMO withdrawal means certain death’ From the site for the petition against dihydrogen monoxide: ‘Please sign this petition and help stop This Invisible Killer Get the government to do something now Contamination Is Reaching Epidemic Proportions! Quantities of dihydrogen monoxide have been found in almost every stream lake and reservoir in America today But the pollution is global and the contaminant has even been found in Antarctic ice DHMO has caused millions of dollars of property damage in the Midwest and recently California’ A recent example of the pseudoscientific radiation ‘education’ masquerading as science that Feynman quoted above objected to in the 1960s was published in 2009 in an article called ‘The proportion of childhood leukaemia incidence in Great Britain that may be caused by natural background ionizing radiation’ in Leukemia vol 23 2009 pp 770–776 which falsely asserts – in contradiction to the evidence that the no-threshold model is contrary to Hiroshima and Nagasaki data: ‘Risk models based primarily on studies of the Japanese atomic bomb survivors imply that low-level exposure to ionizing radiation including ubiquitous natural background radiation also raises the risk of childhood leukaemia Using two sets of recently published leukaemia risk models and estimates of natural background radiation red-bone-marrow doses received by children about 20 of the cases of childhood leukaemia in Great Britain are predicted to be attributable to this source’ The authors of this pseudoscience which is the opposite of the facts are R Wakeford Dalton Nuclear Institute University of Manchester Manchester UK G M Kendall Childhood Cancer Research Group Oxford UK and M P Little Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Imperial College London UK It is disgusting and sinful that the facts about childhood leukemia are being lied on so blatantly for non-scientific purposes and it is to be hoped that these leukemia investigators will either correct their errors or alternatively be banned from using scientific literature to promote false dogma for deception until they mend the error of their ways and repent their sins in this matter Protein P53 discovered only in 1979 is encoded by gene TP53 which occurs on human chromosome 17 P53 also occurs in other mammals including mice rats and dogs P53 is one of the proteins which continually repairs breaks in DNA which easily breaks at body temperature: the DNA in each cell of the human body suffers at least two single strand breaks every second and one double strand ie complete double helix DNA break occurs at least once every 2 hours 5 of radiation-induced DNA breaks are double strand breaks while 0007 of spontaneous DNA breaks at body temperature are double strand breaks! Cancer occurs when several breaks in DNA happen to occur by chance at nearly the same time giving several loose strand ends at once which repair proteins like P53 then repair incorrectly causing a mutation which can be proliferated somatically This cannot occur when only one break occurs because only two loose ends are produced and P53 will reattach them correctly But if low-LET ionising radiation levels are increased to a certain extent causing more single strand breaks P53 works faster and is able deal with faster breaks as they occur so that multiple broken strand ends do not arise This prevents DNA strands being repaired incorrectly and prevents cancer – a result of mutation caused by faults in DNA – from arising Too much radiation of course overloads the P53 repair mechanism and then it cannot repair breaks as they occur so multiple breaks begin to appear and loose ends of DNA are wrongly connected by P53 causing an increased cancer risk 1 DNA-damaging free radicals are equivalent to a source of sparks which is always present naturally 2 Cancer is equivalent the fire you get if the sparks are allowed to ignite the gasoline ie if the free radicals are allowed to damage DNA without the damage being repaired 3 Protein P53 is equivalent to a fire suppression system which is constantly damping out the sparks or repairing the damaged DNA so that cancer doesn’t occur In this way of thinking the ‘cause’ of cancer will be down to a failure of a DNA repairing enzyme like protein P53 to repair the damage Dr Jane Orient ‘Homeland Security for Physicians’ Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons vol 11 number 3 Fall 2006 pp 75-9: ‘In the 1960s a group of activist physicians called Physicians for Social Responsibility PSR undertook to educate the medical profession and the world about the dangers of nuclear weapons beginning with a series of articles in the New England Journal of Medicine Note that journal was publishing information for anti-civil defense propaganda back in 1949 eg the article in volume 241 pp 647-53 of New England Journal of Medicine which falsely suggests that civil defense in nuclear war would be hopeless because a single burned patient in 1947 with 40 body area burns required 42 oxygen tanks 36 pints of plasma 40 pints of whole blood 104 pints of fluids 4300 m of gauze 3 nurses and 2 doctors First only unclothed persons in direct line of sight without shadowing can get 40 body area burns from thermal radiation second duck and cover offers protection in a nuclear attack warning and G V LeRoy had already published two years earlier in JAMA volume 134 1947 pp 1143-8 that less than 5 of burns in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were caused by building and debris fires In medicine it is always possible to expend vast resources on patients who are fatally injured In a mass casualty situation doctors should not give up just because they don’t have unlimited resources as at Hiroshima and Nagasaki they would need to do their best with what they have On its website wwwpsrorg the group boasts that it led the campaign to end atmospheric nuclear testing With this campaign the linear no-threshold LNT theory of radiation carcinogenesis became entrenched It enabled activists to calculate enormous numbers of potential casualties by taking a tiny risk and multiplying it by the population of the earth As an enduring consequence the perceived risks of radiation are far out of proportion to actual risks causing tremendous damage to the American nuclear industry Efforts to save lives were not only futile but unethical: Any suggestion that nuclear war could be survivable increased its likelihood and was thus tantamount to warmongering PSR spokesmen warned ‘For the mindset that engendered and enables this situation which jeopardizes the existence of the United States as a nation as well as the lives of millions of its citizens some American physicians and certain prestigious medical organizations bear a heavy responsibility ‘Ethical physicians should stand ready to help patients to the best of their ability and not advocate sacrificing them in the name of a political agenda Even very basic knowledge especially combined with simple inexpensive advance preparations could save countless lives’ Dr Theodore B Taylor Proceedings of the Second Interdisciplinary Conference on Selected Effects of a General War DASIAC Special Report 95 July 1969 vol 2 DASA-2019-2 AD0696959 page 298 also linked here: ‘I must just say that as far as I’m concerned I have had some doubts about whether we should have had a civil defense program in the past I have no doubt whatsoever now for this reason that I’ve seen ways in which the deterrent forces can fail to hold things off so that no matter what our national leaders do criminal organizations what have you groups of people over which we have no control whatsoever can threaten other groups of people’ This point of Taylor is the key fact on the morality Suppose we disarm and abandon nuclear power That won’t stop fallout from a war terrorists or a foreign reactor blast from coming Civil defence knowledge is needed Even when America has ABM it will be vulnerable to wind carried fallout No quantity of pacifist hot air will protect people against radiation Charles J Hitch and Roland B McKean of the RAND Corporation in their 1960 book The Economics of Defense in the Nuclear Age Harvard University Press Massachusetts pp 310-57: ‘With each side possessing only a small striking force a small amount of cheating would give one side dominance over the other and the incentive to cheat and prepare a preventative attack would be strong With each side possessing say several thousand missiles a vast amount of cheating would be necessary to give one side the ability to wipe out the other’s striking capability the more extensive a disarmament agreement is the smaller the force that a violator would have to hide in order to achieve complete domination Most obviously “the abolition of the weapons necessary in a general or ‘unlimited’ war” would offer the most insuperable obstacles to an inspection plan since the violator could gain an overwhelming advantage from the concealment of even a few weapons’ Disarmament after World War I caused the following problem which led to World War II reported by Winston S Churchill in the London Daily Express newspaper of November 1 1934: ‘Germany is arming secretly illegally and rapidly A reign of terror exists in Germany to keep secret the feverish and terrible preparations they are making’ British Prime Minister Thatcher’s address to the United Nations General Assembly on disarmament on 23 June 1982 where she pointed out that in the years since the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 10 million people had been killed by 140 non-nuclear conflicts: ‘The fundamental risk to peace is not the existence of weapons of particular types It is the disposition on the part of some states to impose change on others by resorting to force against other nations Aggressors do not start wars because an adversary has built up his own strength They start wars because they believe they can gain more by going to war than by remaining at peace’ J D Culshaw the then Director of the UK Home Office Scientific Advisory Branch stated in his article in the Scientific Advisory Branch journal Fission Fragments September 1972 issue No 19 classified ‘Restricted’: ‘Apart from those who don’t want to know or can’t be bothered there seem to be three major schools of thought about the nature of a possible Third World War ‘The first group think of something like World War II but a little worse ‘ the second of World War II but very much worse ‘and the third group think in terms of a catastrophe ‘When the Armageddon concept is in favour the suggestion that such problems exist leads to way out research on these phenomena and it is sufficient to mention a new catastrophic threat eg 10 years later this was done by Sagan with nuclear winter hype which turned out to be fake because modern concrete cities can’t produce firestorms like 1940s wooden-built areas of Hamburg Dresden and Hiroshima to stimulate research into the possibilities of it arising The underlying appeal of this concept is that if one could show that the execution of all out nuclear biological or chemical warfare would precipitate the end of the world no one but a mad man would be prepared to initiate such a war However as history proves plenty of mad men end up gaining power and leading countries into wars’ J K S Clayton then Director of the UK Home Office Scientific Advisory Branch stated in his introduction entitled The Challenge – Why Home Defence to the 1977 Home Office Scientific Advisory Branch Training Manual for Scientific Advisers: ‘Since 1945 we have had nine wars – in Korea Malaysia and Vietnam between China and India China and Russia India and Pakistan and between the Arabs and Israelis on three occasions We have had confrontations between East and West over Berlin Formosa and Cuba There have been civil wars or rebellions in no less than eleven countries and invasions or threatened invasions of another five Whilst it is not suggested that all these incidents could have resulted in major wars they do indicate the aptitude of mankind to resort to a forceful solution of its problems sometimes with success ‘ It is estimated that Mongol invaders exterminated 35 million Chinese between 1311-40 without modern weapons Communist Chinese killed 263 million dissenters between 1949 and May 1965 according to detailed data compiled by the Russians on 7 April 1969 The Soviet communist dictatorship killed 40 million dissenters mainly owners of small farms between 1917-59 Conventional non-nuclear air raids on Japan killed 600000 during World War II The single incendiary air raid on Tokyo on 10 March 1945 killed 140000 people more than the total for nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined at much less than the 2 billion expense of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki nuclear bombs! Non-nuclear air raids on Germany during World War II killed 593000 civilians The argument that the enemy will continue stocking megaton fallout weapons if we go to cleaner weapons is irrelevant for deterrence since we’re not planning to start war just to credibly deter invasions You should not try to lower your standards of warfare to those of your enemy to appease groupthink taboos or you will end up like Britain’s leaders in the 1930s trying to collaborate with fascists for popular applause House of Lords debate Nuclear Weapons: Destructive Power published in Hansard 14 June 1988: Lord Hailsham of Saint Marylebone: ‘My Lords if we are going into the question of lethality of weapons and seek thereby to isolate the nuclear as distinct from the so-called conventional range is there not a danger that the public may think that Vimy Passchendaele and Dresden were all right—sort of tea parties—and that nuclear war is something which in itself is unacceptable’ Lord Trefgarne: ‘My Lords the policy of making Europe or the rest of the world safe for conventional war is not one that I support’ House of Commons debate Civil Defence published in Hansard 26 October 1983: Mr Bill Walker Tayside North: ‘I remind the House that more people died at Stalingrad than at Hiroshima or Nagasaki Yet people talk about fighting a conventional war in Europe as if it were acceptable One rarely sees demonstrations by the so-called peace movement against a conventional war in Europe but it could be nothing but ghastly and horrendous The casualties would certainly exceed those at Stalingrad and that cannot be acceptable to anyone who wants peace’ On 29 October 1982 Thatcher stated of the Berlin Wall: ‘In every decade since the war the Soviet leaders have been reminded that their pitiless ideology only survives because it is maintained by force But the day comes when the anger and frustration of the people is so great that force cannot contain it Then the edifice cracks: the mortar crumbles one day liberty will dawn on the other side of the wall’ On 22 November 1990 she said: ‘Today we have a Europe where the threat to our security from the overwhelming conventional forces of the Warsaw Pact has been removed where the Berlin Wall has been torn down and the Cold War is at an end These immense changes did not come about by chance They have been achieved by strength and resolution in defence and by a refusal ever to be intimidated’ ‘The case for civil defence stands regardless of whether a nuclear deterrent is necessary or not Even if the UK were not itself at war we would be as powerless to prevent fallout from a nuclear explosion crossing the sea as was King Canute to stop the tide’ – UK Home Office leaflet Civil Defence 1982 ‘ peace cannot be guaranteed absolutely Nobody can be certain no matter what policies this or any other Government were to adopt that the United Kingdom would never again be attacked Also we cannot tell what form such an attack might take Current strategic thinking suggests that if war were to break out it would start with a period of conventional hostilities of uncertain duration which might or might not escalate to nuclear conflict while nuclear weapons exist there must always be a chance however small that they will be used against us like gas bombs in World War II as a consequence of war between other nations in which we were not involved fall out from nuclear explosions could fall on a neutral Britain conventional war is not the soft option that is sometimes suggested It is also too easily forgotten that in World War II some 50 million people died and that conventional weapons have gone on killing people ever since 1945 without respite’ – – The Minister of State Scottish Office Lord Gray of Contin House of Lords debate on Civil Defence General Local Authority Functions Regulations Hansard vol 444 cc 523-49 1 November 1983 ‘All of us are living in the light and warmth of a huge hydrogen bomb 860000 miles across and 93 million miles away which is in a state of continuous explosion’ – Dr Isaac Asimov ‘Dr Edward Teller remarked recently that the origin of the earth was somewhat like the explosion of the atomic bomb’ – Dr Harold C Urey The Planets: Their Origin and Development Yale University Press New Haven 1952 p ix ‘But compared with a supernova a hydrogen bomb is the merest trifle For a supernova is equal in violence to about a million million million million hydrogen bombs all going off at the same time’ – Sir Fred Hoyle 1915-2001 The Nature of the Universe Pelican Books London 1963 p 75 ‘In fact physicists find plenty of interesting and novel physics in the environment of a nuclear explosion Some of the physical phenomena are valuable objects of research and promise to provide further understanding of nature’ – Dr Harold L Brode The RAND Corporation ‘Review of Nuclear Weapons Effects’ Annual Review of Nuclear Science Volume 18 1968 pp 153-202 ‘It seems that similarities do exist between the processes of formation of single particles from nuclear explosions and formation of the solar system from the debris of a 4 x 1028 megatons of TNT equivalent type Ia supernova explosion We may be able to learn much more about the origin of the earth by further investigating the process of radioactive fallout from the nuclear weapons tests’ – Dr Paul K Kuroda 1917-2001 University of Arkansas ‘Radioactive Fallout in Astronomical Settings: Plutonium-244 in the Early Environment of the Solar System’ pages 83-96 of Radionuclides in the Environment: A Symposium Sponsored By the Division of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology At the 155th Meeting of the American Chemical Society San Francisco California April 1-3 1968 edited by Symposium Chairman Dr Edward C Freiling 1922-2000 of the US Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory Advances in Chemistry Series No 93 American Chemical Society Washington DC 1970 Dr Paul K Kuroda 1917-2001 in 1956 correctly predicted the existence of water-moderated natural nuclear reactors in flooded uranium ore seams which were discovered in 1972 by French physicist Francis Perrin in three ore deposits at Oklo in Gabon where sixteen sites operated as natural nuclear reactors with self-sustaining nuclear fission 2000 million years ago each lasting several hundred thousand years averaging 100 kW The radioactive waste they generated remained in situ for a period of 2000000000 years without escaping They were discovered during investigations into why the U-235 content of the uranium in the ore was only 07171 instead of the normal 07202 Some of the ore in the middle of the natural reactors had a U-235 isotopic abundance of just 0440 Kuroda’s brilliant paper is entitled ‘On the Nuclear Physical Stability of the Uranium Minerals’ published in the Journal of Chemical Physics vol 25 1956 pp 781–782 and 1295–1296 A type Ia supernova explosion always yielding 4 x 1028 megatons of TNT equivalent results from the critical mass effect of the collapse of a white dwarf as soon as its mass exceeds 14 solar masses due to matter falling in from a companion star The degenerate electron gas in the white dwarf is then no longer able to support the pressure from the weight of gas which collapses thereby releasing enough gravitational potential energy as heat and pressure to cause the fusion of carbon and oxygen into heavy elements creating massive amounts of radioactive nuclides particularly intensely radioactive nickel-56 but half of all other nuclides including uranium and heavier are also produced by the ‘R’ rapid process of successive neutron captures by fusion products in supernovae explosions Type Ia supernovae occur typically every 400 years in the Milky Way galaxy On 4 July 1054 Chinese astronomers observed in the sky without optical instruments the bright supernova in the constellation Taurus which today is still visible as the Crab Nebula through telescopes The Crab Nebula debris has a diameter now of 7 light years and is still expanding at 800 miles/second The supernova debris shock wave triggers star formation when it encounters hydrogen gas in space by compressing it and seeding it with debris bright stars are observed in the Orion Halo the 300 light year diameter remains of a supernova It is estimated that when the solar system was forming 4540 million years ago a supernova occurred around 100 light years away and the heavy radioactive debris shock wave expanded at 1000 miles/second Most of the heavy elements including iron silicon and calcium in the Earth and people are the stable end products of originally radioactive decay chains from the space burst fallout of a 7 x 1026 megatons thermonuclear explosion created by fusion and successive neutron captures after the implosion of a white dwarf a supernova explosion How would a 1055 megaton hydrogen bomb explosion differ from the big bang Ignorant answers biased in favour of curved spacetime ignoring quantum gravity! abound such as claims that explosions can’t take place in ‘outer space’ disagreeing with the facts from nuclear space bursts by Russia and America in 1962 not to mention natural supernova explosions in space! and that explosions produce sound waves in air by definition! There are indeed major differences in the nuclear reactions between the big bang and a nuclear bomb But it is helpful to notice the solid physical fact that implosion systems suggest the mechanism of gravitation: in implosion TNT is well-known to produce an inward force on a bomb core but Newton’s 3rd law says there is an equal and opposite reaction force outward In fact you can’t have a radially outward force without an inward reaction force! It’s the rocket principle The rocket accelerates with force F ma forward by virtue of the recoil from accelerating the exhaust gas with force F -ma in the opposite direction! Nothing massive accelerates without an equal and opposite reaction force Applying this fact to the measured 6 x 10-10 ms-2 Hc cosmological acceleration of matter radially outward from observers in the universe which was predicted accurately in 1996 and later observationally discovered in 1999 by Perlmutter et al we find an outward force F ma and inward reaction force by the 3rd law The inward force allows quantitative predictions and is mediated by gravitons predicting gravitation in a checkable way unlike string theory which is just a landscape of 10500 different perturbative theories and so can’t make any falsifiable predictions about gravity So it seems as if nuclear explosions do indeed provide helpful analogies to natural features of the world and the mainstream lambda-CDM model of cosmology – with its force-fitted unobserved ad hoc speculative ‘dark energy’ – ignores and sweeps under the rug major quantum gravity effects which increase the physical understanding of particle physics particularly force unification and the relation of gravitation to the existing electroweak SU2 x U1 section of the Standard Model of fundamental forces Richard Lieu Physics Department University of Alabama ‘Lambda-CDM cosmology: how much suppression of credible evidence and does the model really lead its competitors using all evidence’ Even Einstein grasped the possibility that general relativity’s lambda-CDM model is at best just a classical approximation to quantum field theory at the end of his life when he wrote to Besso in 1954: ‘I consider it quite possible that physics cannot be based on the classical differential equation field principle ie on continuous structures In that case nothing remains of my entire castle in the air non-quantum gravitation theory included ’ ‘Science is the organized skepticism in the reliability of expert opinion’ – Professor Richard P Feynman quoted by Professor Lee Smolin The Trouble with Physics Houghton-Mifflin New York 2006 p 307 ‘The expression of dissenting views may not seem like much of a threat to a powerful organization yet sometimes it triggers an amazingly hostile response The reason is that a single dissenter can puncture an illusion of unanimity Among those suppressed have been the engineers who tried to point out problems with the Challenger space shuttle that caused it to blow up More fundamentally suppression is a denial of the open dialogue and debate that are the foundation of a free society Even worse than the silencing of dissidents is the chilling effect such practices have on others For every individual who speaks out numerous others decide to play it safe and keep quiet More serious than external censorship is the problem of self-censorship’ — Professor Brian Martin University of Wollongong ‘Stamping Out Dissent’ Newsweek 26 April 1993 pp 49-50 In 1896 Sir James Mackenzie-Davidson asked Wilhelm Röntgen who discovered X-rays in 1895: ‘What did you think’ Röntgen replied: ‘I did not think I investigated’ The reason Cathode ray expert J J Thomson in 1894 saw glass fluorescence far from a tube but due to prejudice expert opinion he avoided investigating that X-ray evidence! ‘Science is the organized skepticism in the reliability of expert opinion’ – Richard Feynman in Lee Smolin The Trouble with Physics Houghton-Mifflin 2006 p 307 Mathematical symbols in this blog: your computer’s browser needs access to standard character symbol sets to display Greek symbols for mathematical physics If you don’t have the symbol character sets installed the density symbol ‘r’ Rho will appear as ‘r’ and the ‘p’ Pi symbol will as ‘p’ causing confusion with the use of ‘r’ for radius and ‘p’ for momentum in formulae This problem exists with Mozilla Firefox 3 but not with Microsoft Explorer which displays Greek symbols About Me Name: nige Currently designing secure active server page ASP front ends for client SQL databases In 1982 I began programming in basic and at college learned Fortran while a physics undergraduate a decade later Afterwards I switched from mainstream physics and mathematical education to part-time programming student while working in a series of jobs including four years in credit control wwwquantumfieldtheoryorg View my complete profile From 1945-62 America tested 216 nuclear weapons in the atmosphere totalling 154 megatons with a mean yield of 713 kilotons From 1949-62 Russia tested 214 nuclear weapons in the atmosphere totalling 281 megatons with a mean yield of 131 megatons From 1952-8 Britain tested 21 nuclear weapons in the atmosphere totalling 108 megatons with a mean yield of 514 kilotons From 1960-74 France tested 46 nuclear weapons in the atmosphere totalling 114 megatons with a mean yield of 248 kilotons From 1964-80 China tested 23 nuclear weapons in the atmosphere totalling 215 megatons with a mean yield of 935 kilotons In summary from 1945-80 America Russia Britain France and China tested 520 nuclear weapons in the atmosphere totalling 4787 megatons with a mean yield of 921 kilotons Mean yield of the 5192 nuclear warheads and bombs in the deployed Russian nuclear stockpile as of January 2009: 0317 Mt Total yield: 1646 Mt Mean yield of the 4552 nuclear warheads and bombs in the deployed US nuclear stockpile as of January 2007: 0257 Mt Total yield: 1172 Mt For diffraction damage where damage areas scale as the two-thirds power of explosive yield this stockpile’s area damage potential can be compared to the 20000000 conventional bombs of 100 kg size 2 megatons of TNT equivalent total energy dropped on Germany during World War II: Total nuclear bomb blast diffraction damaged ground area/Total conventional blast diffraction damaged ground area to Germany during World War II 45520257 Mt2/3/2000000000000001 Mt2/3 1840/431 43 Thus although the entire US stockpile has a TNT energy equivalent to 586 times that of the 2 megatons of conventional bombs dropped on Germany in World War II it is only capable of causing 43 times as much diffraction type damage area because any given amount of explosive energy is far more efficient when distributed over many small explosions than in a single large explosion! Large explosions are inefficient because they cause unintended collateral damage wasting energy off the target area and injuring or damaging unintended targets! In a controlled sample of 36500 survivors 89 people got leukemia over a 40 year period above the number in the unexposed control group Data: Radiation Research volume 146 1996 pages 1-27 Over 40 years in 36500 survivors monitored there were 176 leukemia deaths which is 89 more than the control unexposed group got naturally There were 4687 other cancer deaths but that was merely 339 above the number in the control unexposed group so this is statistically a much smaller rise than the leukemia result Natural leukemia rates which are very low in any case were increased by 51 in the irradiated survivors but other cancers were merely increased by just 7 Adding all the cancers together the total was 4863 cancers virtually all natural cancer nothing whatsoever to do with radiation which is just 428 more than the unexposed control group Hence the total increase over the natural cancer rate due to bomb exposure was only 9 spread over a period of 40 years There was no increase whatsoever in genetic malformations There should be a note here about how unnatural radioactive pollution is not in space: the earth’s atmosphere is a radiation shield equivalent to being protected behind a layer of water 10 metres thick This reduces the cosmic background radiation by a factor of 100 of what it would be without the earth’s atmosphere Away from the largely uninhabited poles the Earth’s magnetic field also protects us against charged cosmic radiations which are deflected and end up spiralling around the magnetic field at high altitude in the Van Allen trapped radiation belts On the Moon for example there is no atmosphere or significant magnetic field so the natural background radiation exposure rate at solar minimum is 1 milliRoentgen per hour about 10 microSieverts/hour some 100 times that on the Earth 0010 milliRoentgen per hour or about 010 microSieverts/hour The Apollo astronauts visiting the Moon wore dosimeters and they received an average of 275 milliRoentgens about 275 milliSieverts of radiation well over a year’s exposure to natural background at sea level in over just 195 days It is a lot more than that during a solar flare which is one of the concerns for astronauts to avoid micrometeorites are another concern in a soft spacesuit The higher up you are above sea level the less of the atmosphere there is between you and space so the less shielding you have to protect you from the intense cosmic space radiations emitted by thermonuclear reactors we call ‘stars’ as well as distant supernovae explosions At sea level the air above you constitutes a radiation shield of 10 tons per square metre or the equivalent of having a 10 metres thick water shield between you and outer space As you go up a mountain or up in an aircraft the amount of atmosphere between you and space decreases thus radiation levels increase with altitude because there is less shielding The normal background radiation exposure rate shoots up by a factor of 20 from 0010 to 020 milliRoentgens per hour when any airplane ascends from sea level to 36000 feet cruising altitude The now obsolete British Concorde supersonic transport used to maintain radiation-monitoring equipment so that it could drop to lower-altitude flight routes if excessive cosmic radiation due to solar storms were detected Flight aircrew get more radiation exposure than many nuclear industry workers at nuclear power plants Residents of the high altitude city of Denver get 100 milliRoentgens about 1 milliSievert more annual exposure than a resident of Washington DC but the mainstream anti-radiation cranks don’t campaign for the city to be shut to save kids radiation exposure for mountain climbing to be banned etc! 1994 revised Introduction to Kearny’s Nuclear War Survival Skills by Dr Edward Teller January 14 1994: ‘If defense is neglected these weapons of attack become effective They become available and desirable in the eyes of an imperialist dictator even if his means are limited Weapons of mass destruction could become equalizers between nations big and small highly developed and primitive if defense is neglected If defense is developed and if it is made available for general prevention of war weapons of aggression will become less desirable Thus defense makes war itself less probable One psychological defense mechanism against danger is to forget about it This attitude is as common as it is disastrous It may turn a limited danger into a fatal difficulty’ Advice of Robert Watson-Watt Chief Scientist on the World War II British Radar Project defending Britain against enemy attacks: ‘Give them the third best to go on with the second best comes too late the best never comes’ From Wikipedia a source of groupthink: ‘Groupthink is a type of thought exhibited by group members who try to minimize conflict and reach consensus without critically testing analyzing and evaluating ideas Individual creativity uniqueness and independent thinking are lost in the pursuit of group cohesiveness as are the advantages of reasonable balance in choice and thought that might normally be obtained by making decisions as a group During groupthink members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone of consensus thinking A variety of motives for this may exist such as a desire to avoid being seen as foolish or a desire to avoid embarrassing or angering other members of the group Groupthink may cause groups to make hasty irrational decisions where individual doubts are set aside for fear of upsetting the group’s balance’ |
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Polypropylene in Russia – 2016 |
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– Chennakesava Templea protected heritage site by Archaeological Survey of India and amongst the finest examples of Hoysala architecture – Māru-Gurjara temple architecture originated somewhere in the 6th century in and around areas of Rajasthan Māru-Gurjara architecture show the deep understanding of structures and refined skills of Rajasthani craftmen of bygone era Māru-Gurjara architecture has two prominent styles: Maha-Maru and Maru-Gurjara – There is a connecting link between Māru-Gurjara architecture and Hoysala temple architecture In both of these styles architecture is treated sculpturally — Nagda temple an example of Māru-Gurjara architecture – Carved elephants on the walls of Jagdish Temple Udaipur 1651 CE an example of Māru-Gurjara architecture FRAMED FROM LAXMIKANT-INDIAN POLITY Q166 The relative precedence of the Private Members’ Bill in a particular category is determined byA The SpeakerB The Deputy SpeakerC The Committee on Private Members’ BillD BallotAns DA private member’s bill in a parliamentary system of government is a bill proposed law introduced into a legislature by a legislator who is not acting on behalf of the executive branch A private member is any member of parliament MP who is not a member of the cabinet executiveFRAMED FROM NCERT CLASS 12thQ165 With reference to the ancient period which among the following is/are correctly matched 1 Auqaf – Charitable trusts2 Inam – Tax free land3 Sama – immediate requirements such as food clothes living quarters and ritual necessitiesWhich among the above is/are correct A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 123D Only 2Ans CFRAMED FROM BIPIN CHANDRAQ164 In 1936 Congress declared the Ethiopian day With reference to this consider the following statements :1 Congress declared the Ethiopian people’s struggle to be part of all exploited people’s struggle for freedom2 There was a schism in the congress for the support of Spanish republicans3 Demonstrations and meetings were held all over India expressing sympathy and solidarity with the EthiopiansSelect the correct answer using the codes given below:A Only 2B 2 amp 3C Only 3 D 1 amp 3Ans DWhen Ethiopia was attacked by fascist Italy in early 1936the Congress declared the Ethiopian people’s struggle to be partof all exploited people’s struggle for freedom The Congressdeclared 9 May to be Ethiopia Day on which demonstrations andmeetings were held all over India expressing sympathy andsolidarity with the Ethiopians On his way back from EuropeJawaharlal refused to meet Mussolini despite his repeatedinvitations lest the meeting was used for fascist propagandaThe Congress expressed strong support for SpanishRepublicans engaged in a life and death struggle with fascistFranco in the Spanish Civil War In his presidential address tothe Faizpur Congress in December 1936 Nehru emphasized thatthe struggle going on in Spain was not merely betweenRepublicans and Franco or even Fascism and democracy butbetween forces of progress and reaction throughout the worldThe Congress Working Committeemeeting in Nehru’s absence passed a resolution viewing ‘withgrave concern the unabashed attempt that is being made byGermany to deprive Czechoslovakia of its independence or toreduce it to impotence’ and sending its ‘profound sympathy tothe brave people of Czechoslovakia” FRAMED FROM enchanted learning comQ163 With reference to the report of first national commission of labour consider the following statements :1 The first National Commission on Labour was set up under the leadership of Dr BR Ambedkar2 It provided detailed examination of all aspects of labour problems in unorganised sector only3 Important recommendations of the Labour Commission have been implemented through amendments to certain labour lawsSelect the correct answer using the codes given below:A Only 1B 2 amp 3C Only 3 D 1 amp 3Ans C-The first National Commission on Labour was set up on 24th December 1966 under the Chairmanship of Justice PB Gajendragadkar -The Commission submitted its report in August 1969 after detailed examination of all aspects of labour problems both in the organised and unorganised sectors -The recommendations covered issues like recruitment agencies and practices -employment service administration training and workers education working conditions labour welfare housing social security wages and earnings wage policy bonus workers/employers organisations industrial relations machinery etc- Important recommendations of the Labour Commission have been implemented through amendments to certain labour laws like the Workmen’s Compensation Act 1923 for removal of wage ceiling for coverage the Industrial Disputes Act 1947 mainly in respect of the unfair labour practices The Employees State Insurance Act 1948 enhancement in the wage limit for exemption from payment of Employees’ Contribution Factories Act 1948FRAMED FROM enchanted learning comQ162 With reference to the Temperate rainforests consider the following statements :1These are found in a belt around the equator of the Earth2 They are less abundant than tropical rainforests3 Temperate rainforests have soil that is richer in nutrients relatively young and less prone to damageSelect the correct answer using the codes given below:A Only 1B 2 amp 3C Only 3D 123Ans B- Temperate rainforests are found along the Pacific coast of the USA and Canada from northern California to Alaska in New Zealand Tasmania Chile Ireland Scotland and Norway They are less abundant than tropical rainforests– Temperate rainforests have soil that is richer in nutrients relatively young and less prone to damageFRAMED FROM wikipediaQ161 With reference to the Pradhan Mantri Yuva Yojana consider the following statements:1 It is a centrally sponsored scheme 2 The scheme has been launched by the Ministry of youth affairs amp sports3 It provides easy access to information mentor network incubator credit and accelerator to create a pathway for the youthSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1 amp 3B Only 2C 2 amp 3D 123Ans AThe scheme has been launched by the Ministry of Skill Development and EntrepreneurshipFRAMED FROM enchanted learning comQ160 Which among the following foods were originally from rainforests around the world 1 Cashewnuts2 Brazil nuts3 Starchy root4 Macadamia nutsSelect the correct answer using the codes given below:A Only 1 amp 3B 234C Only 3D 1234Ans DFRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIAQ159 With reference to the common reporting standard consider the following statements :1 It is an agreement to share information on residents’ assets and incomes automatically in conformation with the standard2 It is supposed to transfer all the relevant information automatically and systematically3 It includes all 34 OECD countriesSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C Only 1D 123Ans DThe Common Reporting Standard CRS formally referred to as the Standard for Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information is an information standard for the automatic exchange of information AEoI developed in the context of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD The legal basis for exchange of data is the Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters and the idea is based on the USA Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act FATCA implementation agreementsOn May 6 2014 forty-seven countries tentatively agreed on a common reporting standard: an agreement to share information on residents’ assets and incomes automatically in conformation with the standardThis agreement is informally referred to as GATCA the global version of FATCA but CRS is not just an extension of FATCAEndorsing countries included all 34 OECD countries as well as Argentina Brazil China Colombia Costa Rica India Indonesia Latvia Lithuania Malaysia Saudi Arabia Singapore and South AfricaChinaincluding Hong Kong and more than 80 other countries have agreed to become signatoriesFRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIAQ158 What is a Green Box subsidy1 These include direct payments to farmers to limit production and certain government assistance to encourage agriculture and rural development in developing countries2 These include government policies of Minimum support Prices MSP for agricultural products or any help directly related to production quantities for eg power fertiliser seeds pesticides irrigationetc3 These include amounts spent on research disease control infrastructure and food securitySelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 2 amp 3 B Only 3C 1 amp 2 D 123Ans BGreen Box subsidies include amounts spent on research disease control infrastructure and food security These also include direct payments made to farmers such as income support that do notstimulate production These are not considered trade distorting and are encouragedFRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIAQ157 Who among the following are the members of the BIMSTEC 1 Bangladesh2 Myanmar3 India4 Sri Lanka5 ThailandSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1345B 1245C Only 124D 12345Ans DOther members of BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation :MyanmarNepal BhutanResolution by BIMSTEC members :• Enhance cooperation in environmental protection and sustainable development • Enhance cooperation in the field of agriculture including crops livestock and horticulture besides fisheries • Finalize an agreement on trade in goods by 2014 with intent to promote regional commerce • Conclude the Agreement on Services and InvestmentsFRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIAQ156 Who among the following are the members of the Financial Stability and Development Council FSDC 1 Finance minister2 Prime Minister3 Governor of statesSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1 amp 3B Only 1 amp 2C 123D Only 1Ans D Chairperson : The Union Finance Minister of IndiaOther Members: Governor Reserve Bank of India RBl Finance Secretary and/ or Secretary Department of Economic Affairs DEA Secretary Department of Financial Services DFS Chief Economic Advisor Ministry of Finance Chairman Securities and Exchange Board of India SEBI Chairman Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority IRDA Chairman Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority PFRDA Joint Secretary Capital Markets DEA will be the Secretary of the CouncilFinancial Stability and Development Council FSDC: Apex-level body constituted by government of India Idea to constitute such a super regulatory body was first given by Raghuram Rajan Committee in 2008FRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIAQ155 Who among the following are the members of North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO 1 UK2 USA3 Germany4 France5 IcelandSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 124B 1233C 125D All are the membersAns DNATO is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty signed on 4 April 1949 The organization comprises a system of collective defence through which its member states accord to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external threatBaltic States or countries are 3 northern European countries east of the Baltic Sea – Estonia Latvia and Lithuania which attained independence from the Russian Empire in the backwash of World War I In the period between the World Wars the Baltic States also included FinlandFRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIAQ154 Who among the following are the members of the Boao Forum for Asia BFA 1 China2 India3 FICCI Federation of Indian Chambers of CommerceSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1 amp 3B Only 2C 2 amp 3D 123AnsAA non-governmental and non-profit international organization with a fixed conference date and a fixed domicile BFA was officially introduced on February 27 2001 Since 2002 BFA has been having its yearly conference at Boao Hainan Province China which now serves as the permanent site of BFA Headquarters Each year world’s Top political and business leaders gather at Boao to brain storm on global political and economic issuesObjectives :To base itself on Asia and encourage and deepen the economic exchange coordination and cooperation within Asia and between Asia and other parts of the world To offer a high-end dialog platform for governments enterprises experts and scholars to collectively talk about economy society and environment and other pertinent subject mattersFRAMED FROM WIKIPEDIAQ153 Who among the following are not the members of the Arab League 1 Chad 2 Israel3 South Sudan4 Libya5 OmanSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 345B Only 1 amp 2C 125D All are the members Ans BThe Arab League was founded in Cairo in 1945 by Egypt Iraq Lebanon Saudi Arabia Syria Transjordan Jordan from 1946 and Yemen North Yemen later combined Yemen There was a continual increase in membership during the second half of the 20th century with additional 15 Arab states and 4 observers being admittedFRAMED FROM CCRTgovin Q152 In context with the Manipuri dance which among the following are correct 1 Pure dance sequences performed in the Rasleela dances follow the specific rhythmic patterns and body movements2 The Ras costume consists of a richly embroidered stiff skirt which extends to the feet3 Male dancers play the Pung and Kartal while dancing4 The Pung and Kartal choloms are performed at all social and religious festivals5 The dancers do not wear ankle bells to stamp out the rhythms in a theatrical displaySelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1345B 2345C 1234D 12345Ans DFRAMED FROM CCRTgovin Q151 With reference to the Kuchipudi which among the following statements are correct 1 In this dancer usually stands on a brass plate locking the feet in shakatavadanam paada and moves the plate rhythmically with great dexterity2 Techniques like dancing on the rim of a brass plate and with a pitcher full of water on the head was introduced3 Acrobatic dancing became part of the repertoireSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 1 amp 2D 123Ans DFRAMED FROM CCRTgovin Q150 In context with the Odissi dance which among the following are correct 1 Torso movement is an unique feature of the Odissi style2 Lower half of the body remaining static the torso moves from one side to the other along the axis passing through the centre of the upper half of the body3 There are certain foot positions with flat toe or heel contact4 In addition to the leg movement there are a variety of gaits for doing pirouettesSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 134B 234C 123D 1234Ans DFRAMED FROM CCRTgovin Q149 Which among the following are correct with reference to the Western Indian School 1 The motivating force for the artistic activity in Western India was Jainism 2 exaggeration of certain physical traits are present in Western Indian School3 Figures are flat with angularity of features in this type of artSelect the correct answer using the codes given below :A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 1 amp 2D 123Ans D |
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International financial institution IFI is a financial institution that has been established by more than one country and hence are subjects of international law Its owners or shareholders are generally national governments although other international institutions and other organizations occasionally figure as shareholders The most prominent IFIs are creations of multiple nations although some bilateral financial institutions created by two countries exist and are technically IFIs The best known IFIs were established after World War II to assist in the reconstruction of Europe and provide mechanisms for international cooperation in managing the global financial system Today the world’s largest IFI is the European Investment Bank A multilateral development bank MDB is an institution created by a group of countries that provides financing and professional advising for the purpose of development MDBs have large memberships including both developed donor countries and developing borrower countries MDBs finance projects in the form of long-term loans at market rates very-long-term loans below market rates and through grants There are also several sub-regional multilateral development banks Their membership typically includes only borrowing nations The banks lend to their members borrowing from the international capital markets -These banks include: • Caribbean Development Bank CDB • Central American Bank for Economic Integration CABEI • East African Development Bank EADB • West African Development Bank BOAD • Black Sea Trade and Development Bank BSTDB • Economic Cooperation Organization Trade and Development Bank ETDB • Eurasian Development Bank EDB • New Development Bank NDB formerly BRICS Development Bank Regional Development Banks : The regional development banks consist of several regional institutions that have functions similar to the World Bank group’s activities but with particular focus on a specific region Shareholders usually consist of the regional countries 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– Labourers4 Halalkhoran – Scavangers5 Milkiyat – – PropertyWhich among the above is/are correct A 1 amp 3B 235C 1234D All are correctAns AFRAMED FROM WIKEPEDIAQ28 Consider the following statements :1 Goldilocks Zone refers to a habitable zone in the planetary system with temporal variablity in rainfall2 Exoplanet is a planet that orbits the Sun amp also termed as extrostar planetWhich among the above is/are correct A Only 1B Only 2C Both are correctD Both are incorrectAns DExoplanet: It is a planet that does not orbit the Sun and instead orbits a different star stellar remnant or brown dwarf It is also termed as extrasolar planet Goldilocks zone: It refers to a habitable zone in the planetary system where the temperature is neither too high nor too low Such conditions could allow for the presence on the planet’s surface of liquid water – a key ingredient for lifeFRAMED FROM PEARSON CSAT MANUALQ27 Which of the following are the mammals 1 Sea lion2 Red Panda3 Roe DeerCodes:A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 1 amp 2D 123Ans DThe red panda Ailurus fulgens also called lesser panda and red cat-bear is a small arboreal mammal native to the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China that has been classified as vulnerable by IUCN as its wild population is estimated at less than 10000 mature individuals The population continues to decline and is threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation poaching and inbreeding depression although red pandas are protected by national laws in their range countries The red panda is slightly larger than a domestic cat It has reddish-brown fur a long shaggy tail and a waddling gait due to its shorter front legs It feeds mainly on bamboo but is omnivorous and also eats eggs birds insects and small mammals It is a solitary animal mainly active from dusk to dawn and is largely sedentary during the dayFRAMED FROM PEARSON CSAT MANUALQ26 Under the classification of IUCN Red Panda are classified as :A ExtinctB ThreatenedC VulnerableD EndangeredAns CFRAMED FROM WIKEPEDIAQ25 Who among the following are the members of Shanghai Cooperation 1 China2 Russia3 Kazakhstan4 Kyrgyzstan5 Tajikistan6 India 7PakistanSelect the correct answer from the given codes :A 1345B 234567C 124567D All are correctAns DObservers: Afghanistan Iran Mongolia and BelarusFRAMED FROM WIKEPEDIAQ24 Who among the following are the founding members of the Ashgabat agreement 1 Uzbekistan2 Iran3 Turkmenistan4 Oman5 Kazakhstan Select the correct answer from the given codes :A 1345B 2345C Only 13 amp 5D All are correctAns DIt is a transit agreement established in year 2011It establishes international transport and transit corridor between Central Asia and the Persian Gulf countriesFRAMED FROM NCERT HISTORY CLASS 12thQ23 With reference to the Sufism tradition which among the following is/are correctly matched 1 Malfuzat – Conversation of Sufi saints2 Maktubat – Collection of letters 3 Tazkiras – Biographical account of saintsWhich among the above is/are correct A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 123D Only 2Ans CFRAMED FROM NCERT HISTORY CLASS 12thQ22 With reference to the ancient period which among the following is/are correctly matched 1 Auqaf – Charitable trusts2 Inam – Tax free land3 Sama – immediate requirements such as food clothes living quarters and ritual necessitiesWhich among the above is/are correct A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 123D Only 2Ans CFRAMED FROM NCERT HISTORY CLASS 12thQ21 With reference to the ancient history which among the following was/were the characteristics of ancient temples 1 The early temple was a small square room called the garbhagriha with a single doorway for the worshipper to enter and offer worship to the image2 Tall structure ie shikhara was built over the central shrine3 Assembly halls huge walls and gateways and arrangements for supplying water Which among the above is/are correct A Only 3B 1 amp 3C 2 amp 3D 123Ans DFRAMED FROM NCERT HISTORY CLASS 12thQ20 With reference to the ancient rural society which among the following is/are correctly matched 1 Vellalar – Large landowners2 Uzhavar – Ploughmen 3 Adimai – SlavesWhich among the above is/are correct A 1 amp 3B Only 2C 2 amp 3D 123Ans DImportant point :Gahapati was the owner master or head of a household who exercised control over the women children slaves and workers who shared a common residence He was also the owner of the resources – land animals and other things – that belonged to the household Sometimes the term was used as a marker of status for men belonging to the urban elite including wealthy merchantsFRAMED FROM NCERT HISTORY CLASS 12thQ19 With reference to the ancient History what were Saddle querns A Grinding equipment for foodB Equipment used for IrrigationC Used for manufacturing of bricks in an ancient IndiaD Used for spinning of clothes Ans AProcessing of food required grinding equipment as well as vessels for mixing blending and cooking These were made of stone metal and terracotta This is an excerpt from one of the earliest reports on excavations at Mohenjodaro the best-known Harappan siteThey were made of hard gritty Igneous rocks or sandstoneFROM CDS PREVIOUS YEAR QUSTION amp WIKEPEDIAQ18 In context with the Dugong consider the following statements:1 It is close to the extinction2 It is found in gulf of katch off the saurashtra coast as well as Gulf of mannar3 It mostly depends upon the sea grassCodes:A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 1 amp 2D 123Ans DThe Gulf of Kutch is the only region on India’s west coast where the dugong – also known as a sea cow due to its vegetarian diet and feeding off of sea grass – is found with populations found on the coasts of Tamil Nadu and higher north on the east coastThe Gujarat Ecological Education and Research Foundation a government body estimates about 15 dugongs to be alive in the region The species is listed as a schedule 1 animal under India’s wildlife protection laws and globally considered vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature IUCN a scientific bodyFRAMED FROM THE HINDU NEWSPAPERQ17 In context with the Green Energy corridor which among the following statement is correct A It will facilitate the flow of renewable energy into the grid electricityB It will help in reducing of environmental pollutionC It will facilitate the use amp recycle of natural resourcesD None of the aboveAns AIndia said the green energy corridor will facilitate the flow of renewable energy into its grid electricity The corridor will be built across seven states over the next five to six years“The project will be implemented with the assistance of Germany which has promised to provide developmental and technical assistance of €1 billion as soft creditThe grid will also receive support from the World Bank and India’s National Electricity Fund It aims to connect the southern grid to the national grid by 2014 to create the single largest transmission grid in the worldIndia’s wind and solar capacity has more than doubled in the last five years As of February India had 19564 MW of wind Solar the second largest source of renewable energy had 1208 MW of installed capacityLast month a joint study from Greenpeace and market analysts Bridge to India said Delhi could break the 2 GW solar power barrier by 2020 due to plummeting costs extensive roof space and the rising demand for electricityFRAMED FROM NCERT CLASS 12thQ16 Statements:1 Lomash rishi amp Sudama caves in the barabar hills modeled on wooden architectural prototypes are example of the earliest cave architecture in India2 Barabar hills caves were dedicated by Chandragupta Maurya to Ajivika monksCodes:A Only 1B Only 2C Both are correctD Both are incorrectAns AThe Barabar Caves are the oldest surviving rock-cut caves in India mostly dating from the Mauryan period 322–185 BCE and some with Ashokan inscriptions located in the Bela Ganj Block of Gaya District of Bihar India 24 km north of GayaThese caves are situated in the twin hills of Barabar four caves and Nagarjuni three caves – caves of the 16 km distant Nagarjuni Hill sometimes are singled out as Nagarjuni Caves These rock-cut chambers date back to the 3rd century BC Maurya period of Ashoka r 273 BC to 232 BC and his son Dasaratha Though Buddhists themselves they allowed various Jainsects to flourish under a policy of religious tolerance These caves were used by ascetics from the Ajivika sect founded byMakkhali Gosala a contemporary of Siddhartha Gautama the founder of Buddhism and of Mahavira the last and 24thTirthankara of Jainism Also found at the site several rock-cut Buddhist and Hindu sculptures Most caves at Barabar consist of two chambers carved entirely out of granite with a highly polished internal surface and exciting echo effect The first chamber was meant for worshippers to congregate in a large rectangular hall and the second a small circular domed chamber for worship this inner chamber probably had a small stupa like structure at some point though they are now emptyFRAMED FROM INDIAN CULTURE WEBSITEQ15 In context with the Bharatnatyam which among the following statements are correct 1 This form of dance has no words but is composed of pure dance sequences characterized by variety of moods2 Bharatnatyam leans heavily on the abhinaya followed by movement amp mime3 Jatiswaram Shabdam Varnam amp Tillana are the forms of BharatnatyamCodes:A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 1 amp 2D 123Ans DBharatnatyam originates in Tamil Nadu which is also referred to as artistic yoga and Natya yoga The name Bharatnatyam is derived from the word Bharata and thus associated with the Natyashastra Though the style of Bharatnatyam is over two thousand years old the freshness and richness of its essence has been retained even today The technique of human movement which Bharatnatyam follows can be traced back to the fifth Century AD from sculptural evidence This classical dance has a mesmerizing effect as it uplifts the dancer and the beholder to a higher level of spiritual consciousness It is a dancing style that comprises of Bhava Raga Tala and Natya which reflect the real meaning of the BharatnatyamBharatanatyam is arguably the oldest and most traditional classical dance style which seemas a synthesis of philosophy sculpture music and literature This dance got its name from Sage Bharata who wrote the Natya ShastraBharatanatyam is an energetic dance from wherein the postures and balanced position ie the weight of the body is placed squarely down the centre of the body There is emphasis on the striking of the floor with the feet There are jumps in the air as also pirouettes called bhramaris There are movements done with the knees contacting the floor These are called mandi adavusBharatanatyam can be performed solo or in a group The pure dance is called nritta and the expressive is nritya The solo dancer uses various methods of story-telling to interpret the verses and stories she performs The person who conducts the recital is called the natatuvanar who is generally the guru of the dancer He or the plays the cymbals called nattuvangam The other musicians are the vocalist the mridangist or percussion player of flutist a violinist and a veena playerOne of the greatest performers of Bharatanatyam has been Balasaraswati who was influential in popularising the dance as much as Rukmini Devi Arundale Balasaraswati was famous for her soulful renderings of abhinaya or mimetic piece in which she not only danced but sang as well The Steps amp PerformanceBharatanatyam is always performed with the knees of the dancers bent The dance form emphasizes on the hand movements to convey different kinds of emotions to the spectator While performing Bharatanatyam the artist visualizes his/her body as made up of triangles The steps of the dance are based upon a balanced distribution of body weight and firm positions of the lower limbs allowing the hands to cut into a line to flow around the body or to take positions that enhance the basic form In order to perform Bharatnatyam the artist should have the knowledge of the numerous subtle features of the dance styleFour Techniques:Karanas Described in Natya Shastra Karanas are defined as the 108 key transitional movements of Bharatanatyam that also feature in other classical da nce forms of India Karana is a Sanskrit word meaning ‘doing’ Classical dancer Padma Subramanyam is well known for her interpretation of Karanas which predominantly includes the leg hip body and arm movements complemented by hasta mudras as described in the Natya Shastra HastasThe use of expressive hand gestures is a highlighting feature of Bharatanatyam As the name suggests hastas are the wide variety of hand symbols used by the performer Some of the most well known hand gestures of the dance form include Anjali which is used as a symbol of salutation when a person greets his/her fellow dancer Hastas are broadly divided into two types – Asamyukta and SamyuktaAdavusAdavus is defined as a series of steps in Bharatanatyam The execution of the steps is different from style to style The 108 principals of adavus are recognized by most schools of Bharatanatyam As many as 60 adavus are used by many professional dancers Jathis is the combination of adavus and forms the Nritta passages in a Bharatanatyam performanceBhedas Eye amp Neck MovementsBharatanatyam is considered incomplete without bhedas and the expressive eye movements of the performer Neck and eye movements are used extensively in the dance form The shiro bheda head movements comprises of Sama Udhvahita Adhomukha AlolitaDhutam Kampitam Paravruttam Utkshiptam and ParivahitamTheme of Bharatnatyam Bharatnatyam is a solo feminine type of a dance which is tender and erotic The basic theme is love where the female dancers usually perform as a devotion to the Supreme Being or love of a mother for child It epitomizes the adoration of lovers separated and reunited This dance is considered to be a fire dance where there is a mysterious display of the abstract element of fire in the human body Technique of Bharatnatyam Among the various styles of Bharatnatyam the Pandanallur and the Vazhuvoor are more significant Pandanallur style is characterized by its deep sitting positions its slow Lasya padams and difficult standing positions Vazhuvoor is characterized by a static posture to break the monotony with rhythmical varietyThe technique of Bharatnatyam consists of Natya Nritta and Nritya Natya is the dramatic art which is the language of gestures poses and mimes Nritta includes the rhythmic and repetitive elements The Nritya is a combination of Nritta and Natya Abhinaya also is another technique It is subtle with more spontaneous expressionsThe theme of Bharatnatyam comes alive through the zealous performances of the dancers It is the combination of technique styles and Abhinaya It starts with an invocation to Lord Gnana Sabesar of Vazhuvoor The themes are personalized depending on the dancer The dancers need to posses ten essential attributes which include Agility Steadiness graceful lines balance in pirouettes glance hard work intelligence devotion good speech and singing abilityDressing styleThe commonly used style in bharatanatyam are the skirt saree style or the pyjama style Dancers were costumes made of silk sarees with gold zari embroidery designs The pleats in this costumes opens beautifully When the dancer forms a particular posture especially ariamandihalf sitting and muzhu mandifull sittingRole of Music in Bharatnatyam Music plays an important role in Bharatnatyam The musical accompaniment of the Carnatic School predominates over the raga in the Nritta passages The chief musical instruments used in Bharatnatyam are the Mridangam and a pair of Cymbals The cymbals provide the timing and the Mridangam provides fractional measures of the broad beats The dancer follows both A tambura is also used to provide the scale for the refrain The musical instruments used are Mridangam Manjira Vina Violin Kanjira Surpeti Venu and Tanpura The costume consists of a richly embroidered dhoti of silk for both male and female dancers There is a pleated or frilled cloth hanging from the waist to the knees which is laced over the DhotiFRAMED FROM INDIAN CULTURE WEBSITEQ14 Which among the following statements related to Kathakali are correct 1 Square and rectangular basic positions are commonly seen in Kathakali2 Weight of the body is on the outer edges of the feet which are slightly bent and curved3 It is characterized by facial expressions movement of eye balls amp lower eye lidsCodes:A 1 amp 3B 2 amp 3C 1 amp 2D 123Ans DIntroductionKathakali is the most well known dance drama from the south Indian state of Kerala The word Kathakali literally means Story-Play It is known for its large elaborate makeup and costumes The elaborate costumes of Kathakali have become the most recognised icon for KeralaThe themes of the Kathakali are religious in nature They typically deal with the Mahabarat the Ramayana and the ancient scriptures known as thePuranas This is performed in a text which is generally Sanskritised MalayalamA Kathakali performance is a major social event They generally start at dusk and go through out the night Kathakali is usually performed only by men Female characters are portrayed by men dressed in women’s costume However in recent years women have started to become Kathakali dancersKathakali has a long tradition It dates back to the 17th century It was given its present form by Mahakavi Vallathol Narayan Menon who was the founder of the Kerala Kala MandalamThe actors rely very heavily on hand gesture to convey the story These hand ge |
